Pesticide residues on children's hands, home indoor surfaces, and drinking water among conventional and organic farmers in Thailand.
Pesticide residues on children's hands, home indoor surfaces, and drinking water among conventional and organic farmers in Thailand.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10661-022-10051-6
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发表时间：
2022-05-13
影响因子：
3
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中科院分区：
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本研究测量了三个省泰国传统农业和有机农业家庭中儿童手上、家庭室内表面和饮用水上的农药水平。Nakhonsawan省和Phitsanulok省的农户是传统农户，Yasothon省的农户是有机农户。在2017年和2018年的旱季和雨季采集样本。所有样品均分析有机磷（OPs）、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、三嗪、草甘膦和氨基甲基膦酸（AMPA）。在儿童手上，氯氰菊酯（7.46 μg）和氟虫腈（2.88 μg）在两个手掌表面的浓度最高。在约1000 cm2的家居表面上，氯氰菊酯和氟虫腈的最高浓度分别为27.94 μg和49.76 μg /1000 cm2。对于传统农民来说，儿童擦手巾中最常见的农药是氯氰菊酯和氟虫腈，这两种农药既被用作家用农药，也被用作农业农药。然而，家用表面湿巾显示，其他与农业相关的农药在使用的季节出现在家中，这表明这些农药的喷雾会漂移或携带回家。在雨季，各省的饮用水中都发现了农药。最常见的是氟溴硫磷、丙烯磷、倍硫磷、阿特拉津和AMPA。罗非诺福的含量高于健康指南。2017年，泰国发生了大面积洪水，这可能是导致饮用水污染的原因之一，尽管大多数农民报告使用自来水或瓶装饮用水。未来的工作需要评估儿童接触农药的所有来源的风险，并重复饮用水农药污染分析。
This study measured pesticide levels on children’s hands, home indoor surfaces, and drinking water among Thai conventional and organic farm families in three provinces. Farm families in Nakhonsawan and Phitsanulok provinces were the conventional farmers and those in Yasothon province were the organic farmers. Samples were collected in the dry and wet seasons over 2 years (2017 and 2018). All samples were analyzed for organophosphates (OPs), carbamate, pyrethroid, triazines, glyphosate, and aminomethylphos-phonic acid (AMPA). On children’s hands, the highest concentrations for the 2 palmar surfaces were found for cypermethrin (7.46 μg) and fipronil (2.88 μg). On home surfaces of approximately 1000 cm2, the highest concentrations were found for cypermethrin (27.94 μg) and fipronil 49.76 μg)/1000 cm2. For the conventional farmers, the most common pesticides on children’s hand wipes were cypermethrin and fipronil, which are used as in-home pesticides as well as agricultural pesticides. However, home surface wipes showed other pesticides associated with agriculture were presented in the home during the seasons when they were used, suggesting spray drift or carry home sources for these pesticides. During the wet season, pesticides were found in the drinking water of all provinces. Most common were fenitrothion, profenofos, fenthion, atrazine, and AMPA. Profenofos was found at levels above the health guidelines. During 2017, there was extensive flooding in Thailand which may have contributed to the drinking water contamination, even though most farmers report using tap water or bottled drinking water. Future work is needed to assess the risk of all sources of pesticide exposures in children and to repeat the drinking water pesticide contamination analysis.