Principles and neurobiological correlates of concentrative, diffuse, and insight meditation.
Principles and neurobiological correlates of concentrative, diffuse, and insight meditation.
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DOI：
10.1097/hrp.0b013e31828e8ef4
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发表时间：
2013-07
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Craig Mehrmann;Rakesh Karmacharya
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Craig Mehrmann;Rakesh Karmacharya
冥想这个术语涵盖了各种各样的心智训练实践，这些实践因文化和传统而异，从旨在促进身体健康、放松和提高注意力的技巧，到具有更长远目标的练习，如培养更高的幸福感，培养利他行为，以及对某些人来说，获得启迪。冥想可以被概念化为复杂的情绪和注意力调节练习，其中心理和躯体事件受到特定心理训练练习的影响。冥想通常伴随着高度警觉意识和新陈代谢活动减少的同时状态--这会改善身体健康、心理平衡和情绪稳定。并不是所有的冥想练习都侧重于特定认知技能的训练，而在那些这样做的练习中，方法和结果往往不同。因此，有必要明确说明正在调查的冥想练习的类型。不同类型的冥想可以根据练习者的注意力过程是如何被调节和引导的而被分类。在这篇文章中，我们关注源于佛教传统的两种最常见的冥想方式：(1)集中，或集中--注意力，冥想；(2)分散，或开放--监测，冥想。集中冥想包括保持并不断地将注意力集中在选定的对象上，如身体感觉、空间中的单点、颜色、物体、声音或情感状态，如同情心。开放监测冥想包括发展一种以当下为中心的、独立/中立的观察模式，观察所有的感觉现象，包括思想。
T he term meditation encompasses a broad variety of mental-training practices that vary between cultures and traditions, ranging from techniques designed to promote physical health, relaxation, and improved concentration, to exercises performed with farther-reaching goals, such as developing a heightened sense of well-being, cultivating altruistic behaviors, and, for some, attaining enlightenment. Meditation can be conceptualized as complex emotional and attentional regulatory practices in which mental and somatic events are affected by specific mental-training practices. Meditation is typically associated with a concurrent state of heightened vigilant awareness and reduced metabolic activity—which lead to improved physical health, psychological balance, and emotional stability. Not all meditation practices focus on the training of specific cognitive skills, and in those that do, the methodologies and outcomes often vary. It is therefore essential to be explicit about the type of meditation practice under investigation. Different types of meditation can be classified based on how the practitioner’s attentional processes are regulated and directed. In this article we focus on the two most common styles of meditation derived from Buddhist traditions: (1) concentrative, or focused-attention, meditation, and (2) diffuse, or open-monitoring, meditation. Concentrative meditation involves maintaining and continually refocusing attention on a chosen object, such as a body sensation, single point in space, color, object, sound, or affective state such as compassion. Open-monitoring meditation involves developing a present-centered and unattached/neutral mode of observation toward all sensational phenomena, including thoughts.