Fair Science: Women in the Scientific Community
Fair Science: Women in the Scientific Community
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公平科学：科学界的女性
DOI：
10.1080/00221546.1981.11780117
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发表时间：
1987
期刊：
影响因子：
7.2
通讯作者：
J. Cole
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Cole
在分析了比较学术界男性和女性在科学领域职业生涯的数据后，科尔得出结论，”尽管在学术界确实存在基于性别的歧视.科学界在很大程度上以公平的方式分配其资源和报酬。“然而，科尔提出的许多证据似乎支持一个不同的结论。在公平科学的开篇章节中，科尔为读者提供了内容的概述和对他的观点的一些初步见解。他表示相信“科学奖励的分配具有高度的公平性。“他向读者解释说，他将在社会分层理论的概念框架内探讨性别歧视问题，并探讨优势或劣势的积累。第二章包括本书中一些最好的材料，对证明和衡量歧视问题的极好讨论。这一材料对于社会科学家和雇主了解各种统计方法在显示歧视方面的优缺点具有相当大的价值。关于选择适当的分析单位的讨论很薄弱;如果纳入第7章稍后出现的关于这一专题的讨论，则可以大大改进。第二章的第二个主要专题涉及在法律的案件中证明歧视。这份材料是对性别歧视的广泛和一般性讨论，组织得不好。此外，没有提到任何涉及学术界女科学家的重大性别歧视案件（如约翰逊诉匹兹堡大学），也没有提到歧视的统计证据在这些案件中所起的作用。接下来，科尔在第三章中分析了女性在科学界的地位。本书的这一部分是基于对565名男女生物学家、化学家、心理学家和社会学家的配对研究，这些人都是在1957-58年获得博士学位的。用于分析的统计技术是适当和精心选择的。然而，科尔没有对这个年龄段的人所遇到的非常不典型的就业市场和研究资金状况发表评论。(NSF数据显示，联邦用于研发的支出在增加，
After analyzing data comparing the careers of academic men and women in science, Cole has concluded that" although there do appear to be pockets of sex-based discrimination in the academic-science community..., to an extraordinary degree the scientific community distributes its resources and rewards in an equitable manner." Much of the evidence that Cole presents, however, would seem to support a different conclusion. In the opening chapter of Fair Science Cole provides the reader within an overview of the contents and some initial insights into his perspective. He states his belief that" there is a high degree of fairness in the distribution of scientific rewards." He explains to the reader that he will be exploring the problem of sex discrimination within the conceptual framework of social stratification theory and the accumulation of advantage or disadvantage. The second chapter includes some of the best material in this book, an excellent discussion of the problem of proving and measuring discrimination. This material should be of considerable value to social scientists and employers in understanding the strengths and weaknesses of various statistical approaches to demonstrating discrimination. The discussion on selecting an appropriate unit of analysis is weak; it could have been considerably improved by incorporating the discussion of this topic that appears, later, in chapter 7. The second main topic in chapter 2 deals with proving discrimination in legal cases. This material, which is a broad and general discussion of sex discrimination, is not well organized. Moreover, there is no mention of any of the major sex discrimination cases (such as Johnson v. University ofPittsburgh) that have involved academic women scientists nor of the role that statistical evidence of discrimination played in those cases. Cole moves next, in chapter 3, to an analysis of women's place in the scientific community. This portion of the book is based on a matched pairs study of 565 male and female biologists, chemists, psychologists, and sociologists who received their Ph. Ds in 1957-58. The statistical techniques used for analysis are appropriate and well-chosen. However, Cole fails to comment on the very atypical job market and research funding conditions encountered by this age-cohort.(NSF data show that Federal spending for R&D was increas-