Digital image steganography using universal distortion
Digital image steganography using universal distortion
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DOI：
10.1145/2482513.2482514
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发表时间：
2013-06
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Vojtech Holub;J. Fridrich
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Vojtech Holub;J. Fridrich
目前，最安全实用的经验性掩蔽源隐写方案在嵌入其有效载荷的同时最小化用于捕获统计可检测性的失真函数。由于存在用于该嵌入范例的通用框架以及已建立的有效载荷-失真界限以及近乎最优的实用编码方案，因此构建嵌入方案本质上归结为失真设计。这不是一项容易的任务，因为将失真与统计可探测性联系起来是一个困难而悬而未决的问题。在这篇文章中，我们提出了一种创新的想法，即在一个固定的域中测量嵌入失真，而不依赖于执行嵌入改变(和编码)的域。所提出的普遍失真是相加的，并且评估了从使用Daubechies小波滤波器组获得的方向残差改变图像元素(例如，像素或DCT系数)的成本。直觉是将嵌入更改限制在封面上那些难以在多个方向上建模的部分，同时避免平滑区域和干净的边缘。通过在空域、JPEG域和边信息JPEG域构建隐写方案，并将其安全性与当前使用富媒体模型训练的分类器的最新方法进行比较，证明了普遍失真的有效性。
Currently, the most secure practical steganographic schemes for empirical cover sources embed their payload while minimizing a distortion function designed to capture statistical detectability. Since there exists a general framework for this embedding paradigm with established payload-distortion bounds as well as near-optimal practical coding schemes, building an embedding scheme has been essentially reduced to the distortion design. This is not an easy task as relating distortion to statistical detectability is a hard and open problem. In this article, we propose an innovative idea to measure the embedding distortion in one fixed domain independently of the domain where the embedding changes (and coding) are carried out. The proposed universal distortion is additive and evaluates the cost of changing an image element (e.g., pixel or DCT coefficient) from directional residuals obtained using a Daubechies wavelet filter bank. The intuition is to limit the embedding changes only to those parts of the cover that are difficult to model in multiple directions while avoiding smooth regions and clean edges. The utility of the universal distortion is demonstrated by constructing steganographic schemes in the spatial, JPEG, and side-informed JPEG domains, and comparing their security to current state-of-the-art methods using classifiers trained with rich media models.