Japan's Image of the Soviet Union 1952-61
Japan's Image of the Soviet Union 1952-61
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1952-61 年日本对苏联的印象
DOI：
10.2307/2752711
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发表时间：
1962
期刊：
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
J. Morley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Morley
1996年在东京举行的反对修改后的日美共同安全条约的示威活动，在许多西方人心中造成了一种恐惧，即日本人民在最初一段时间对美国在日本的立场持容忍态度之后，对美国的敌意越来越大，越来越倾向于苏联。这种恐惧有什么根据吗？日本人怎么看苏联？我在这里关心的不是日本人民对共产主义本身的态度，而是对苏联这个国家的态度。当然，这两个概念是相互关联的，但人们应该努力保持它们的区别。此外，我在这里主要不是讨论个人、政党领袖和利益集团所建议的具体政策，而是讨论那种残余的感情，那种基本的态度，那种苏联的综合图景，它不是政策本身，而是形成政策的一个界限，是产生政策的一个源泉。由于这样一个综合形象显然是经验的产物，因此，通过简要分析日本与苏联的各种经历（首先是对第二次世界大战期间和之前与苏联关系的记忆），可能有助于勾勒出它的轮廓。总的来说，在我看来，他们似乎已经使日本人民产生了偏见，采取了敌对的观点。目前，他们的印象主要是由七个领域的经验形成的。四个与有形的物质利益有关（渔业、贸易、遣返和领土）;其余三个（日本共产党、"和平运动"和威胁政策）与日本人民要求进步、独立与和平的广泛民族愿望有关。随着1952年日本从占领中恢复国家独立，日本渔民和船只每年春季和夏季都会返回西北太平洋和鄂霍次克海的老渔场。较小的船只寻找沿海的沃茨，较大的船只前往深海的鲑鱼和沙丁鱼。他们从本州岛东北部的港口城市和北海道出发，组成庞大的舰队
T HE DEMONSTRATIONS IN TOKYO in 96o against the revised mutual security pact with the United States created the fear in the minds of many Westerners that the Japanese people, after an initial period of tolerance of the American position in Japan, are growing increasingly hostile to the United States and turning more and more toward the Soviet Union.' Is there any foundation for this fear? What do the Japanese people think of the Soviet Union? I am concerned here with the attitude of the Japanese people not toward Communism as such but rather toward the Soviet Union as a state. These two conceptions are inter-related, of course, but one should try to keep them distinct. Moreover, I am not dealing here chiefly with the particular policies which individuals, political party leaders and interest groups have been recommending, but with that residue of feeling, that fundamental attitude, that composite picture of the Soviet Union which is not policy itself, but rather one of the limits within which it is shaped, one of the sources from which it springs. Since such a composite image is clearly the product of experience, it may be helpful to sketch its contours by analyzing briefly the various Japanese experiences with the Soviet Union which appear to have produced it. First of all is the memory of past relations with the Soviet Union during and preceding World War II. By and large they seem to me to have prejudiced the Japanese people to take a hostile view. For the present period their impres, sions have been shaped by experience primarily in seven fields. Four have related to tangible, material interests (fishery, trade, repatriation and territory); the remaining three (the Japan Communist Party, the "peace movement" and the policy of threat) have related to the broad national aspirations of the Japanese people for progress, independence, and peace. With the recovery of national independence from the Occupation in I952, Japanese fishermen and ships have been returning every spring and summer to their old fishing grounds in the northwestern Pacific and the Sea of Okhotsk. The smaller ships have sought the costal waters, the larger ones heading for the salmon and sardines of the deeper seas. They put out from the port cities of northeastern Honshu and Hokkaido to form great fleets