Functional analysis of social staring behavior in an all-male group of mountain gorillas
Functional analysis of social staring behavior in an all-male group of mountain gorillas
复制标题
全雄性山地大猩猩群社会凝视行为的功能分析
DOI：
10.1007/bf02381153
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发表时间：
1992
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
J. Yamagiwa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Yamagiwa
在不同的社会背景下，观察到6只不相关的成年和亚成年雄性山地大猩猩共有202次社交凝视(一个个体在短距离内长时间凝视另一个个体)。演员或接受者的凝视没有明显的面部表情，无论他们的年龄或支配地位如何。年轻的、从属的动物倾向于盯着年长的、占优势的动物，反之亦然。根据社交环境的不同，盯着看可能有多种功能。在非激励性互动的启动中，凝视很少发生，但对于年轻的雄性动物来说，在引发来自年长动物的游戏或同性恋互动方面非常成功。年轻男性也会盯着年长的男性看，以示问候或安抚。它可能在减少冲突期间或冲突后增加的社会紧张局势以及避免老年男性之间潜在的冲突方面发挥作用。年轻的雄性偶尔会盯着喂食点来取代年长的雄性。这种缓慢的替代类似于黑猩猩和矮黑猩猩通过乞讨行为实现的食物共享现象。长时间的凝视，包括下属盯着支配者，可能是非洲大猩猩频繁而持久的面对面互动的特征，与猕猴或狒狒中从属对支配者的频繁凝视厌恶形成对比。大猩猩和其他类人猿的不同之处在于，黑猩猩和矮黑猩猩通过眼神交流进行积极接触，而大猩猩只是盯着对方看，在问候或绥靖过程中没有身体接触。对于年轻的雄性大猩猩来说，凝视可能是一种有效的策略，可以安全地介入老年人的冲突，有时还可以抑制或抑制老年人的表现，但它们的非激励性接触或支持性攻击可能无助于建立或支持它们之间的社会纽带。盯着看可能在非洲类人猿和人类中很常见，而且它已经演变成一种策略，以掩盖具有多种功能的个体之间的主导/从属关系。
A total 202 social staring episodes (prolonged gazing by one individual toward another within a short distance) were observed in various social contexts among six unrelated, adult, and subadult male mountain gorillas. Staring was not accompanied by distinct facial expressions by actors or recipients, irrespective of their age or dominance rank. Younger, subordinate animals tended to stare at elder, dominant animals more frequently than vice versa. Staring may have multiple functions depending on the social context. In the initiation of non-agonistic interactions, staring rarely occurred, but was very successful for younger males in eliciting play or homosexual interactions from older animals. Staring was also directed by younger males to older males for greeting or appeasement. It may possibly play a role in reducing the increased social tension that occurs during or after conflict and in averting the potential conflict among older males. Younger males occasionally supplanted older males by staring at feeding spots. This slow supplantation is similar to the phenomenon of food sharing achieved through begging behavior in chimpanzees and bonobos. A prolonged gaze including staring by subordinates towards dominants may characterize the frequent and prolonged face-to-face interactions in the African great apes, and contrasts with a frequent gaze aversion by subordinates towards dominants in macaques or baboons. A difference between gorillas and other apes is that, chimpanzees and bonobos make positive contact with each other through eye contact, while gorillas simply stare at another without physical contact in greeting or appeasement process. Staring may serve an effective strategy for younger male gorillas to intervene safely in olders' conflict and sometimes to suppress or inhibit olders' performance, but their non-agonistic contacts or supporting attacks may not contribute to the establishment or support of social bonds between them. It is possible that staring may be common among the African great apes and man, and that it has evolved as a tactics to mask the dominant/subordinate relationships between individuals with multiple functions.