2 Trends in Matrix Acidizing
2 Trends in Matrix Acidizing
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2 基质酸化的趋势
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发表时间：
1995
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Crowe
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作者：
C. Crowe
基质酸化的简单目的是通过溶解地层损害或在井眼周围几英寸到一两英尺的范围内创造新的通道来提高产量--用油藏工程师的话说就是减少表皮。这是通过在相对低的压力下泵送处理流体来完成的，以避免压裂地层。与高压压裂相比，基质酸化是一种低产量、低成本的作业。基质酸化几乎和油井钻井一样古老。标准石油公司在1896年就获得了用盐酸酸化石灰石的专利，一年前，俄亥俄州石油公司首次使用了这项技术。据报道，威尔斯产量增加了三倍，威尔斯四倍。不幸的是，有一个障碍酸严重腐蚀了油井套管。这项技术的流行程度下降，并潜伏了大约30年。1931年，陶氏化学公司的John Grebe博士发现砷能抑制盐酸对金属的作用。第二年，总部位于美国爱达荷州的Pure Oil公司要求陶氏化学公司提供援助，将500加仑的盐酸泵入一家石灰石生产商，使用砷作为抑制剂。以前的死井每天生产16桶石油，对酸化的兴趣重新产生。陶氏化学成立了一个子公司，后来被称为道尔，以处理新的业务（下一页，顶部）。三年后，Halliburton油井固井公司也开始提供商业酸化服务。1933年，标准石油公司申请了用氢氟酸（HF）（盐酸不与硅酸盐矿物发生反应）进行砂岩酸化的专利，但同年，一位独立的技术发现者在德克萨斯州进行的实验导致了渗透性地层的堵塞。HF的商业应用不得不等到1940年，当时Dowell想到将其与HCl结合以减少反应产物从溶液中沉淀出来并堵塞地层的可能性。这种混合物被称为土酸，最早应用于墨西哥湾沿岸，以清除泥饼损害。
4 The simple aim of matrix acidizing is to improve production—reduce skin in reservoir engineer parlance—by dissolving formation damage or creating new pathways within several inches to a foot or two around the borehole. This is done by pumping treatment fluid at relatively low pressure to avoid fracturing the formation. Compared with high-pressure fracturing, matrix acidizing is a low-volume, low-budget operation. Matrix acidizing is almost as old as oilwell drilling itself. A Standard Oil patent for acidizing limestone with hydrochloric acid [HCl] dates from 1896, and the technique was first used a year earlier by the Ohio Oil Company. Reportedly, oil wells increased in production three times, and gas wells four times. Unfortunately there was a snag—the acid severely corroded the well casing. The technique declined in popularity and lay dormant for about 30 years. Then in 1931, Dr. John Grebe of the Dow Chemical Company discovered that arsenic inhibited the action of HCl on metal. The following year, the Michigan-based Pure Oil Company requested assistance from Dow Chemical Company to pump 500 gallons of HCl into a limestone producer using arsenic as an inhibitor. The previously dead well produced 16 barrels of oil per day, and interest in acidizing was reborn. Dow formed a subsidiary later called Dowell to handle the new business (next page, top). Three years later, Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co. also began providing a commercial acidizing service. Sandstone acidizing with hydrofluoric acid [HF]—hydrochloric acid does not react with silicate minerals—was patented by Standard Oil company in 1933, but experiments in Texas the same year by an independent discoverer of the technique caused plugging of a permeable formation. Commercial use of HF had to wait until 1940, when Dowell hit on the idea of combining it with HCl to reduce the possibility of reaction products precipitating out of solution and plugging the formation. The mixture, called mud acid, was first applied in the Gulf Coast to remove mudcake damage.1