Obesity and the built environment: changes in environmental cues cause energy imbalances
Obesity and the built environment: changes in environmental cues cause energy imbalances
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DOI：
10.1038/ijo.2008.250
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发表时间：
2008-12-01
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Cohen, D. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cohen, D. A.
在过去的30年里，食物和身体活动环境发生了巨大的变化，这两者都有助于人类行为的变化，这可以解释肥胖。本文综述了食品环境的变化，身体活动环境的变化以及人们对这些环境的反应机制，通常没有意识到或控制。最重要的环境变化是食物的可获得性增加、食物的重要性增加和食物成本降低。食品营销和广告的增加创造了食品暗示，人为地刺激人们感到饥饿。代谢途径的存在使得多余的能量以脂肪的形式储存起来，这表明人们被设计成吃得过多。许多内部机制有利于神经生理反应的食物线索，导致过度消费。外部线索，如食物丰富，食物种类和食物新奇，导致人们忽略了饱腹感的内部信号。其他因素，如条件反射和启动，将食物与其他期望的结果联系起来，从而增加了环境线索刺激饥饿的频率。人们对环境线索的自然反应受到框架的影响，判断是有缺陷和偏见的，这取决于信息的呈现方式。人们缺乏对食物环境如何影响他们的洞察力，因此无法改变导致过度能源消耗的因素。了解过度消费的因果途径对于中断导致肥胖的机制是必要的。
The past 30 years have seen dramatic changes in the food and physical activity environments, both of which contribute to the changes in human behavior that could explain obesity. This paper reviews documented changes in the food environment, changes in the physical activity environment and the mechanisms through which people respond to these environments, often without conscious awareness or control. The most important environmental changes have been increases in food accessibility, food salience and decreases in the cost of food. The increases in food marketing and advertising create food cues that artificially stimulate people to feel hungry. The existence of a metabolic pathway that allows excess energy to be stored as fat suggests that people were designed to overeat. Many internal mechanisms favor neurophysiologic responses to food cues that result in overconsumption. External cues, such as food abundance, food variety and food novelty, cause people to override internal signals of satiety. Other factors, such as conditioning and priming, tie food to other desirable outcomes, and thus increase the frequency that hunger is stimulated by environmental cues. People's natural response to the environmental cues are colored by framing, and judgments are flawed and biased depending on how information is presented. People lack insight into how the food environment affects them, and subsequently are unable to change the factors that are responsible for excessive energy consumption. Understanding the causal pathway for overconsumption will be necessary to interrupt the mechanisms that lead to obesity.