Explaining adult age differences in decision-making competence
Explaining adult age differences in decision-making competence
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DOI：
10.1002/bdm.712
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发表时间：
2012-10-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Fischhoff, Baruch
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
De Bruin, Waendi Bruine;Parker, Andrew M.;Fischhoff, Baruch
关于决策过程中与年龄有关的变化的研究报告结果喜忧参半。有些决策技能会随着年龄的增长而下降，而另一些则保持不变或有所提高。因为流体认知能力（例如，推理、解决问题的能力）随着年龄的增长而恶化，老年人在利用流体认知能力的决策任务中表现更差。然而，在某些决策任务上的表现可能需要经验，而经验随着年龄的增长而增加。在这些任务上，老年人应该至少和年轻人一样好。这两种模式出现在年龄和成人决策能力（A-DMC）的组成任务之间的相关性，控制人口统计学变量。首先，我们发现年龄与两项任务（抵抗框架，应用决策规则）的表现之间存在负相关关系，这是由流体认知能力介导的。第二，其他任务的表现并没有随着年龄的增长而下降（风险认知的一致性，识别非主流群体的社会规范）或改善（过度自信，抵抗沉没成本）。在多变量分析中，这些任务的表现表现出独立的积极关系，年龄和流体认知能力。因为，在控制了流体认知能力之后，年龄成为经验的代理，这些结果表明，经验在执行第一组任务中没有发挥作用，而在执行第二组任务中发挥了一定的作用。尽管并非所有的决策任务都表现出与年龄相关的表现下降，但老年人认为自己是更糟糕的决策者。自我评定的决策能力与流体认知能力和决策技能，随着年龄的增长而下降，但不决策技能，随着年龄的增长。版权所有（c）2010约翰威利父子有限公司。
Studies on aging-related changes in decision making report mixed results. Some decision-making skills decline with age, while others remain unchanged or improve. Because fluid cognitive ability (e.g., reasoning, problem solving) deteriorates with age, older adults should perform worse on decision-making tasks that tap fluid cognitive ability. However, performance on some decision-making tasks may require experience, which increases with age. On those tasks, older adults should perform at least as well as younger adults. These two patterns emerged in correlations between age and component tasks of Adult Decision-Making Competence (A-DMC), controlling for demographic variables. First, we found negative relationships between age and performance on two tasks (Resistance to Framing, Applying Decision Rules), which were mediated by fluid cognitive ability. Second, performance on other tasks did not decrease with age (Consistency in Risk Perception, Recognizing Age-group Social Norms) or improved (Under/Overconfidence, Resistance to Sunk Costs). In multivariate analyses, performance on these tasks showed independent positive relationships to both age and fluid cognitive ability. Because, after controlling for fluid cognitive ability, age becomes a proxy for experience, these results suggest that experience plays no role in performing the first set of tasks, and some role in performing the second set of tasks. Although not all decision-making tasks showed age-related declines in performance, older adults perceived themselves as worse decision makers. Self-ratings of decision-making competence were related to fluid cognitive ability and to decision-making skills that decreased with agebut not to decision-making skills that increased with age. Copyright (c) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.