The behavioral ecology of intermittent locomotion
The behavioral ecology of intermittent locomotion
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DOI：
10.1668/0003-1569(2001)041
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发表时间：
2001-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
McLaughlin, RL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kramer, DL;McLaughlin, RL
大多数动物运动的生理学和生态学方法都是基于稳态假设，但许多动物的运动都穿插着持续数毫秒到数分钟的停顿。因此，停顿，沿着动作持续时间和速度的变化，形成了间歇运动的动态系统的一部分，动物通过间歇运动来调整它们的运动行为以适应不断变化的环境。间歇性运动发生在从原生动物到哺乳动物的各种生物体中。它存在于空中、水中和陆地运动中，以及许多行为环境中，包括搜索和追捕猎物、寻找配偶、逃离捕食者、栖息地评估和一般旅行。在我们的调查中，表现出间歇性运动的动物平均停顿了近50%的运动时间（范围6-94%）。虽然间歇性运动通常会增加能量成本，因为加速和减速的额外支出，但当暂停期间继续向前运动时，可以产生各种能量效益。耐力也可以通过在暂停期间从疲劳中部分恢复来提高。感知的好处可以出现，因为暂停增加能力或感觉系统检测相关的刺激。可能涉及到速度模糊、相对运动检测、视觉聚焦、注意和感觉系统之间的干扰等过程。在不停顿的动物中，通常存在稳定感知场的替代机制。由于运动是刺激检测的重要线索，暂停也可以减少生物体的捕食者或猎物不必要的检测。一些模型试图整合能量和感知过程，但仍然存在许多挑战。未来的进步将需要改进速度对感知影响的量化。
Most physiological and ecological approaches to animal locomotion are based on steady state assumptions, yet movements of many animals are interspersed with pauses lasting from milliseconds to minutes. Thus, pauses, along with changes in the duration and speed of moves, form part of a dynamic system of intermittent locomotion by which animals adjust their locomotor behavior to changing circumstances. Intermittent locomotion occurs in a wide array of organisms from protozoans to mammals. It is found in aerial, aquatic and terrestrial locomotion and in many behavioral contexts including search and pursuit of prey, mate search, escape from predators, habitat assessment and general travel. In our survey, animals exhibiting intermittent locomotion paused on average nearly 50% of their locomotion time (range 6-94%). Although intermittent locomotion is usually expected to increase energetic costs as a result of additional expenditure for acceleration and deceleration, a variety of energetic benefits can arise when forward movement continues during pauses. Endurance also can be improved by partial recovery from fatigue during pauses. Perceptual benefits can arise because pauses Increase the capacity or the sensory systems to detect relevant stimuli. Several processes, including velocity blur, relative motion detection, foveation, attention and interference between sensory systems are probably involved. In animals that do not pause, alternative mechanisms for stabilizing the perceptual field are often present. Because movement is an important cue for stimulus detection, pauses can also reduce unwanted detection by an organism's predators or prey. Several models have attempted to integrate energetic and perceptual processes, but many challenges remain. Future advances will require improved quantification of the effects of speed on perception.