Regional Specializations in the Oro-Pharyngeal Wall and Food Processing in the Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.)
Regional Specializations in the Oro-Pharyngeal Wall and Food Processing in the Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.)
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鲤鱼（Cyprinus Carpio L.）口咽壁和食品加工的区域专业化
DOI：
10.1163/002829685x00280
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发表时间：
1984
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Uribe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
F. Sibbing;R. Uribe
使用光学和扫描电子显微镜研究了底食鲤鱼的口咽壁结构。测量味蕾、粘液、俱乐部细胞的密度和肌肉层的厚度。这些元素在口咽表面的分布模式是根据局部计数重建的。区分了以形态特征的特定组合为特征的六个区域，并与构成鲤鱼食物摄入和处理过程的十二个摄食动作相关。这些区域是嘴唇（食物的检测和口腔操作）、口颊腔（摄入的食物和非食物颗粒的吸入和再悬浮室）、最前咽（粗略地选择大的食物颗粒）、侧咽（选择小的食物颗粒）、前咽的后部（形成丸剂、将食物运输和装载到咀嚼腔中）和后咽部。咽（咀嚼和吞咽）。口颊腔的圆锥形和狭缝状的前咽反映了两种不同的颗粒处理机制，即。分别通过吸力和肌肉膨胀。鳃盖腔的体积变化较大，可进行吸食。味蕾和少绒毛上皮细胞的突出类型可以很好地发挥控制该过程所需的机械感受功能。否则，特殊的机械感受器尚未被识别。产生低粘度唾液粘蛋白的粘液细胞出现在口咽的前部。它们将在吸入和润滑咽部颗粒处理过程中保持层流。上皮微脊可能有助于保留粘液。高粘度磺粘菌素仅出现在咽后部，有助于捕获小颗粒并将其聚集成丸剂。鉴于球杆细胞在口颊腔中的丰富性，普遍接受的球杆细胞报警功能及其释放机制受到质疑。讨论了肌肉腭器官的结构及其在食物和非食物颗粒选择中的作用。简要回顾了该系统传入、传出和中枢神经通路的现有信息。提出了与要处理的颗粒尺寸相关的三个运动级别。腭器官作为一个整体的运动，其表面局部突出到咽缝中，并且其前部的肌乳头可能有非常局部的运动。这些假设基于腭器官中几乎最大的味蕾密度（820/mm 2 ）、已知的巨大迷走神经叶处理其输入并暗示腭位映射的复杂层状细胞结构，以及该器官中复杂的肌肉纤维系统。鳃筛的可移动鳃耙，每个鳃耙都配有肌肉垫和大量味蕾（325-625/mm 2 ），表明它们在选择中发挥着额外的积极作用。腭后部以及紧密贴合的舌后器官中的肌纤维系统以类似蠕动的方式运输到咀嚼腔。两者的隐窝深处都含有大量的磺基粘蛋白。这些形态和生理特征共同使得鲤鱼具有底部摄食行为，需要将食物与污染的混合物有效分离。
The structure of the oro-pharyngeal wall of the bottomfeeding common carp is investigated using light-and scanning electron microscopy. Densities of taste buds, mucus, club cells and the thickness of muscular layers are measured. Distribution patterns of these elements over the oro-pharyngeal surface are reconstructed from local counts. Six areas characterized by a specific combination of morphological features are distinguished and related to twelve feeding actions composing the process of food intake and handling in the carp. These areas are the lips (detection and oral manipulation of food), the orobuccal cavity (suction and resuspension chamber of ingested food and non-food particles), the most anterior pharynx (coarse selection of large food particles), the lateral pharynx (selection of small food particles), the posterior part of the anterior pharynx (formation of boluses, transport and loading of food into the chewing cavity) and the posterior pharynx (mastication and deglutition). The conical shape of the orobuccal cavity and the slit-shaped anterior pharynx reflect two different mechanisms for particle handling viz. by suction and by muscular bulging respectively. The opercular cavities serve large volume changes for suction feeding. Protruding types of taste buds and oligovillous epithelial cells may well serve mechanoreceptive functions required for steering the process. Otherwise, specialized mechanoreceptors have not been recognized. Mucous cells producing low-viscosity sialomucines occur in the anterior part of the oro-pharynx. They will serve maintaining a laminar flow during suction and lubrication of particle handling in the pharynx. Epithelial microridges may aid in holding the mucus. High-viscosity sulfomucines only appear in the posterior part of the pharynx and will aid in trapping small particles and aggregating them into boluses. The commonly accepted alarming function of club cells and their mechanism for release is questioned in view of their abundancy in the orobuccal cavity. The structure of the muscular palatal organ is discussed with respect to its role in selection between food and non-food particles. The available information on the afferent, efferent and central neural pathways of this system is briefly reviewed. Three levels of movement, related to the particle size to be handled, are proposed. Movement of the palatal organ as a whole, local outbulging of its surface into the pharyngeal slit and a possible very local movement of the muscular papillae in its anterior part. These hypotheses are based on the almost maximal taste bud densities (820/mm 2 ) in the palatal organ, the known complex laminated cyto-architecture of the enormous vagal lobes processing its input and suggestive of a palatotopic mapping, and on the complex muscle fiber systems in this organ. The movable gill rakers of the branchial sieve, each supplied with a muscular pad and numerous taste buds (325-625/mm 2 ), suggest their additional active role in selection. Muscle fiber systems in the posterior part of the palatal as well as in the closely appressed postlingual organ serve a peristalsis-like transport to the chewing cavity. Both are copiously supplied with sulfomucines from their deep crypts. Together these morphological and physiological features allow the carp a bottom feeding behaviour requiring the effective separation of food from soiled mixtures.