Life cycle assessment of palm biodiesel production in Thailand: Impacts from modelling choices, co-product utilisation, improvement technologies, and land use change
Life cycle assessment of palm biodiesel production in Thailand: Impacts from modelling choices, co-product utilisation, improvement technologies, and land use change
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泰国棕榈生物柴油生产的生命周期评估：模型选择、副产品利用、改进技术和土地利用变化的影响
DOI：
10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.130
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
S. Gheewala
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Prapaspongsa;C. Musikavong;S. Gheewala
棕榈生物柴油产业已在全球范围内为减缓气候变化、能源安全和可持续发展战略而得到推广。关于土地使用变化和生物燃料（即生物柴油和生物乙醇）生产的市场驱动影响所产生的意外后果的国际辩论突出表明，需要进行一项评估，其中考虑到多模型方法以及最新的改进技术。本研究评估了棕榈基生物柴油生产与传统柴油生产相比的潜在环境生命周期后果。使用15种情景评估了建模选择（相应和归因生命周期评估）、棕榈油加工和生物柴油转化阶段的副产品利用率、最近用于处理棕榈油加工废水和油棕育种的改进技术以及直接和间接土地利用变化的影响。结果发现，不同的建模选择，以及包括直接和间接的土地利用变化的高度影响环境的收益和损失相比，传统的柴油系统。环境效益的最重要贡献者是副产品的利用。如果不包括使用阶段（因为其数值在不同的情景中没有变化;气候变化除外），对陆地酸化和海洋富营养化的环境影响最重要的促成因素是间接土地使用变化产生的排放。油棕榈产量的增加和棕榈油加工厂废水处理技术的改进导致了总体影响的减少;应予以推广。各种副产品利用途径显示出不同的影响减少潜力。棕榈油米尔斯的副产品应充分用于电力生产、动物饲料和石油替代品。建议将生物柴油转化的甘油用于动物营养。总之，这两种模式选择都应用于支持不同背景下的政策。政策制定者需要意识到两种模式选择的结果和风险的差异，然后选择适合其具体决策背景的具体方法。应优化副产品的利用，以提高总的影响减少。推荐的副产品利用途径、油棕品种和废水处理技术可用于进一步提高棕榈油工业的可持续性。
The palm biodiesel industry has been promoted for climate change mitigation, energy security and sustainability strategies worldwide. International debates on land use change and unintended consequences from market-driven impacts of biofuel (i.e. biodiesel and bioethanol) production have highlighted the need for an assessment which considers multi-modelling approaches as well as up-to-date improvement technologies. This study assessed potential environmental life cycle consequences of palm-based biodiesel production in comparison with conventional diesel production. Impacts from modelling choices (consequential and attributional life cycle assessment), co-product utilisation during the palm oil milling and biodiesel conversion stages, recent improvement technologies for treating palm oil mill effluent and oil palm breeding, and direct and indirect land use change were assessed using fifteen scenarios. It was found that the different modelling choices as well as the inclusion of direct and indirect land use change highly affected environmental gains and losses compared with the conventional diesel system. The most important contributor to the environmental benefits was utilisation of co-products. When excluding the use phase (because its value did not vary across the different scenarios; except for climate change), the most important contributor in environmental impacts for terrestrial acidification and marine eutrophication, was emissions from indirect land use change. Increased oil palm yields and improved palm oil mill effluent treatment technologies resulted in overall impact reduction; and should be promoted. Various co-product utilisation pathways have shown different impact reduction potentials. Co-products from palm oil mills should be fully utilised for electricity production, animal feed and oil substitution. Glycerol from biodiesel conversion was suggested to be used for animal nutrition. In conclusion, both modelling choices should be used for supporting policies in different contexts. Policy makers need to be aware of the differences in outcomes and risks of both modelling choices and later on select the specific approach which fits their specific decision context. Co-product utilisation should be optimised in order to increase the total impact reduction. Recommended co-product utilisation pathways, oil palm variety and wastewater treatment technologies can be used for further enhancing the sustainability of palm oil industry.