Exposure to nitrogenous based flame retardants in Chinese population: Evidence from a national-scale study
Exposure to nitrogenous based flame retardants in Chinese population: Evidence from a national-scale study
复制标题
中国人群接触含氮阻燃剂：来自全国范围研究的证据
DOI：
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130653
复制
发表时间：
2022-12-23
影响因子：
13.6
通讯作者：
Sun，Hongwen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shi，Yumeng;Chen，Shucong;Sun，Hongwen
氮基阻燃剂（NFR）的广泛使用导致其广泛的环境发生。为了调查全国范围内人类对NFRs的暴露情况，对中国13个城市的尿液样本中NFRs的丰度和空间分布进行了评估。在超过一半的尿液样本中可检测到8种靶NFR中的6种，NFR的总浓度范围为3.22至880 ng/mL，中位数为46.7 ng/mL。三聚氰酸含量最高，占66.2%，其次是三聚氰胺（16.3%）、三聚氰胺（10.8%）和三聚氰酸二酰胺（6.11%）。由于生产和应用情况不同，中国境内的非森林资源的浓度和组成情况存在区域差异。此外，我们发现尿NFR水平远高于另一类磷基阻燃剂有机磷（r2= 0.69，p < 0.05），但在统计学上与之相关，这意味着类似的排放源和/或人类暴露途径。此外，估计的每日摄入量和危害因素显示，中国人群对NFR的暴露在安全范围内。据我们所知，这是第一项记录中国人类暴露于NFR的普遍发生和区域特异性差异的研究。
Extensive use of nitrogen-based flame retardants (NFRs) has resulted in their widespread environmental occurrence. To investigate human exposure to NFRs on a national scale, the abundance and spatial distribution of NFRs were assessed in urine specimens collected from 13 cities in China. Six out of eight target NFRs were detectable in more than half of the urine samples, and the total concentrations of NFRs ranged from 3.22 to 880 ng/mL with a median of 46.7 ng/mL. Cyanuric acid was the most abundant chemical, accounting for 66.2%, followed by melamine (16.3%), ammelide (10.8%), and ammeline (6.11%). Regional differences in concentrations and composition profiles of NFRs were observed within China as a result of different production and application profiles. In addition, we found that urinary NFRs levels were much higher than but statistically correlated with that of organophosphates (r2= 0.69,p< 0.05), another class of phosphorus-based flame retardant, implying similar emission sources and/or human exposure pathways. Furthermore, the estimated daily intakes and hazard quotients revealed that the Chinese population's exposure to NFRs is within safe limits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to document the ubiquitous occurrence and region-specific variations of human exposure to NFRs in China.