A Credible Commitment: Reducing Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, 2003–2012
A Credible Commitment: Reducing Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, 2003–2012
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可信的承诺：减少巴西亚马逊地区的森林砍伐，2003-2012 年
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发表时间：
2015
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Jackson
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作者：
R. Jackson
概要 2000 年代初，巴西亚马逊地区的森林砍伐急剧增加，危及热带雨林在缓解全球气候变化方面的关键作用。 2003年，在路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦总统和环境部长玛丽娜·席尔瓦的领导下，联邦政府决定解决这个问题。十多个部委共同起草了《合法亚马逊地区防治森林砍伐行动计划》。该项目于次年在总统办公厅主任办公室的协调下开始实施，扩大了巴西的保护区系统，改善了对亚马逊的远程监控，并加强了现有林业法的执行。到 2007 年，森林砍伐率不到 2004 年水平的一半。然而，为了应对 2007 年底和 2008 年初森林砍伐加剧的情况，环境部改变了策略。席尔瓦和她在该部的团队公布了一份对森林砍伐负有最大责任的城市名单。列入黑名单的城市是加强执法行动和制裁的目标。联邦政府还要求符合环境要求的人才有资格获得政府补贴的农业信贷，从而限制土地所有者获得信贷。巴西长达十年的努力使亚马逊地区的森林砍伐率比 1996 年至 2005 年的年平均率降低了近 75%。
SYNOPSIS In the early 2000s, deforestation increased sharply in the Brazilian Amazon, jeopardizing the tropical rain forest’s critical role in mitigating global climate change. In 2003, under the administration of President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and his minister of the environment, Marina Silva, the federal government decided to address the problem. More than a dozen ministries worked together to draft the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon. Implementation, which began the following year under coordination by the Office of the Chief of Staff of the President, expanded Brazil’s system of protected areas, improved remote monitoring of the Amazon, and increased enforcement of existing forestry laws. By 2007, the deforestation rate was less than half of 2004 levels. In response to an uptick in deforestation in late 2007 and early 2008, however, the Ministry of the Environment shifted tactics. Silva and her team at the ministry published a list of municipalities that bore the greatest responsibility for deforestation. The blacklisted municipalities were targets of increased enforcement operations and sanctions. The federal government also restricted landholders’ access to credit by requiring environmental compliance to qualify for government-subsidized agricultural credit. Brazil’s decade-long effort reduced the deforestation rate in the Amazon region by nearly 75% from the 1996–2005 average annual rate.