Soldier load carriage: Historical, physiological, biomechanical, and medical aspects
Soldier load carriage: Historical, physiological, biomechanical, and medical aspects
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DOI：
10.7205/milmed.169.1.45
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发表时间：
2004-01-01
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Harman, E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Knapik, JJ;Reynolds, KL;Harman, E
这项研究回顾了士兵负重运输的历史和生物医学方面。在18世纪之前，步兵行军时的负重很少超过15公斤，但从那时起，负重逐渐增加。这一负荷增加可能是由于武器和装备的重量，这些武器和装备采用了新技术，以提高保护、火力、通信和机动性。研究表明，将负荷重心放置在尽可能靠近身体重心的位置会产生最低的能量成本，并倾向于保持身体处于类似于无负荷行走的直立位置。身体其他部位的负荷会导致更高的能量消耗：脚部每增加一公斤，能量消耗增加7%到10%；大腿每增加一公斤，能量消耗增加4%。背包上的臀部安全带应该尽可能使用，因为它们可以减少肩膀上的压力，增加舒适性。在不平坦的地形上，低负荷或中背负荷放置可能更可取，但对于平坦的地形，高负荷放置可能是最好的。在一些战术情况下，可以使用战斗负载车，这可以大大降低能量消耗，提高性能。包括有氧运动、针对特定肌肉群的抵抗力训练以及定期公路行军在内的体育训练可以显著提高公路行军的速度和效率。背包负重步行的能量成本随着负重、体重、步行速度或等级的增加而递增；地形类型也影响能量成本。虽然已开发出预测公式，但这些公式对于长时间的载重可能并不准确。与长时间负重相关的常见损伤包括足部水泡、应力性骨折、背部拉伤、踝关节痛、背包麻痹和膝盖疼痛。通过减轻负荷、改善负荷分配、优化载重设备、采取预防措施，减少伤害发生率，可以促进负重运输。
This study reviews historical and biomedical aspects of soldier load carriage. Before the 18th century, foot soldiers seldom carried more than 15 kg while on the march, but loads have progressively risen since then. This load increase is presumably due to the weight of weapons and equipment that incorporate new technologies to increase protection, firepower, communications, and mobility. Research shows that locating the load center of mass as close as possible to the body center of mass results in the lowest energy cost and tends to keep the body in an upright position similar to unloaded walking. Loads carried on other parts of the body result in higher energy expenditures: each kilogram added to the foot increases energy expenditure 7% to 10%; each kilogram added to the thigh increases energy expenditure 4%. Hip belts on rucksacks should be used whenever possible as they reduce pressure on the shoulders and increase comfort. Low or mid-back load placement might be preferable on uneven terrain but high load placement may be best for even terrain. In some tactical situations, combat load carts can be used, and these can considerably reduce energy expenditure and improve performance. Physical training that includes aerobic exercise, resistance training targeted at specific muscle groups, and regular road marching can considerably improve road marching speed and efficiency. The energy cost of walking with backpack loads increases progressively with increases in weight carried, body mass, walking speed, or grade; type of terrain also influences energy cost. Predictive equations have been developed, but these may not be accurate for prolonged load carriage. Common injuries associated with prolonged load carriage include foot blisters, stress fractures, back strains, metatarsalgia, rucksack palsy, and knee pain. Load carriage can be facilitated by lightening loads, improving load distribution, optimizing load-carriage equipment, and taking preventive action to reduce the incidence of injury.