The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems
The Evolution of Insect Mating Systems
复制标题
昆虫交配系统的进化
DOI：
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199678020.003.0004
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ritchie M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ritchie M
ThornHill和Alcock(1983)对昆虫交配行为进化的研究产生了重大影响，提出了许多关于昆虫交配行为的功能、生态学和机制的问题。然而，关于昆虫交配系统的遗传学观点或多或少是缺乏的，尽管显然许多问题都倾向于遗传学方法。也许桑希尔和阿尔科克(1983)对遗传学的唯一明确讨论是关于性选择的“好基因”模型的推测。现在，昆虫的交配行为在很大程度上取决于对其原因、发育和功能的全面的后基因组分析。例如，果蝇交配系统的许多方面被用作遗传学研究的经典表型，提供行为模式，特别是用于行为的神经遗传学研究。对于许多昆虫系统，我们现在有了行为变异的全基因组关联研究，基因表达分析，许多神经组织的研究，以及对复杂行为的许多原因的多变量和相互作用驱动性质的日益认识。对昆虫交配行为有很大影响的单基因已经被识别出来，并且是非人类动物中研究最好的基因之一，对学习和行为的社会组织有很大影响的基因正在被识别，这可能有助于洞察社会组织中物种间的变异模式。最后，基因家族正在被确定，现在可以对昆虫交配系统变异的基因组相关性进行比较分析。反思基因分析在多大程度上解决了激发桑希尔和阿尔科克(1983)原始读者想象力的问题，或者他们只是提供了新的问题来探索，这是很有趣的。采用遗传学的方法来分析行为(或任何“复杂的”表型)经常受到质疑，也许最臭名昭著的是大约在最初的桑希尔和阿尔科克的书(Grafen 1984)的同一时期。如果遗传学方法的目的仅仅或主要是从确定一个性状的最大表型变异的基因座(或‘映射’基因和表型之间的关系)的角度来看，这些批评是合法的。可用于绘制这种关系的分辨率很差，当然对于非模式物种，但也可能是模式物种(例如，Rockman 2012，Slate 2013，Travisano and Shaw 2013)(一个令人眼花缭乱的统计数据是，全球人类人口可能太少，无法准确地绘制许多对人类特征有微小影响的基因座
Thornhill and Alcock (1983) had a great impact on studies of the evolution of insect mating behaviour, raising many questions about the function, ecology, and mechanisms involved. However, a genetic perspective on insect mating systems was more or less lacking, though clearly many of the questions lent themselves to a genetic approach. Probably the only explicit discussion of genetics in Thornhill and Alcock (1983) concerned speculation on ‘good-genes’ models of sexual selection. Now, insect mating behaviour is very much subject to the full panoply of ‘post-genomic’analyses of its causation, development, and function. For instance, many aspects of Drosophila mating systems are used as classic phenotypes for genetic studies, providing model behaviours, especially for neurogenetic studies of behaviour. For many insect systems, we now have genome-wide association studies of behavioural variation, gene expression analysis, numerous studies of neural organization, as well as an increasing appreciation of the multivariate and interactiondriven nature of much of the causation of complex behaviour. Single genes with large effects on insect mating behaviour have been identified and are among the best-studied loci in non-human animals, and genes with large effects on learning and the social organization of behaviour are being identified, which might give insight into between-species patterns of variation in social organization. Finally, gene families are being identified that now allow comparative analyses of genomic correlates of insect mating system variation. It is interesting to reflect on the extent to which genetic analyses have addressed the questions that stimulated the imagination of the original readers of Thornhill and Alcock (1983) or whether they have simply provided new questions to explore. Adopting a genetic approach to the analysis of behaviour (or any ‘complex’phenotype) has often been questioned, perhaps most infamously around the same time-period as the original Thornhill and Alcock book (Grafen 1984). If the aim of a genetics approach is seen solely or even primarily in terms of identifying the loci responsible for most phenotypic variation in a trait (or ‘mapping’the relationship between genotype and phenotype), there is legitimacy to these criticisms. The resolution available for mapping this relationship is poor, certainly for non-model species but probably also model species (eg Rockman 2012, Slate 2013, Travisano and Shaw 2013)(an eye-watering statistic is that the global population of humans is probably too small to accurately map many loci of small effect for human traits