MicroRNA and diabetic retinopathy-biomarkers and novel therapeutics.
MicroRNA and diabetic retinopathy-biomarkers and novel therapeutics.
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DOI：
10.21037/atm-20-5189
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发表时间：
2021-08
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Morse LS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Smit-McBride Z;Morse LS
糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）占20-74岁人群法律的失明的约80%，并与巨大的社会和健康负担相关。目前的治疗是侵入性的，非治愈性的，并且在15-25%的DR患者中无效。本文综述了microRNAs（miRNAs）作为糖尿病视网膜病变的生物标志物和潜在治疗方法的应用前景。miRNA是小的非编码形式的RNA，其可能通过单核苷酸多态性和调节环改变基因的表达水平而在DR的发病机制中发挥作用。大多数miRNA是细胞内的，并且特定的细胞内microRNA与DR相关的细胞变化相关。一些microRNA是细胞外的，称为循环microRNA。已发现循环miRNA在患有和不患有视网膜病变的糖尿病（DM）患者的血清和体液中差异表达。一些miRNAs与DR的严重程度相关，未来的研究可能会揭示循环miRNAs是否可以作为新的可靠的生物标志物来检测或预测视网膜病变的进展。治疗策略可以利用天然miRNA/长非编码RNA（lncRNA）调节环来开发。miRNA和lncRNA是非蛋白质编码转录本的两个主要家族。它们是通过多种机制进行基本细胞过程的调节分子，并且它们的表达和功能受到严格调节。最近的证据表明miRNA和lncRNA之间存在交叉作用。因此，miRNA和lncRNA的失调对于人类疾病发病机制（例如糖尿病视网膜病变）至关重要。miRNAs是长距离通讯者和重编程剂，它们在细胞和组织信号传导和相互作用中体现了一种全新的范式。通过靶向特定的miRNAs，可能会改变DR发病机制中涉及的整个途径。了解miRNAs在糖尿病视网膜病变发病机制中的内源性作用可能会导致新的诊断和治疗方法来管理这种经常致盲的视网膜疾病。
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) accounts for ~80% of legal blindness in persons aged 20–74 years and is associated with enormous social and health burdens. Current therapies are invasive, non-curative, and in-effective in 15–25% of DR patients. This review outlines the potential utility of microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers and potential therapy for diabetic retinopathy. miRNAs are small noncoding forms of RNA that may play a role in the pathogenesis of DR by altering the level of expression of genes via single nucleotide polymorphism and regulatory loops. A majority of miRNAs are intracellular and specific intracellular microRNAs have been associated with cellular changes associated with DR. Some microRNAs are extracellular and called circulatory microRNAs. Circulatory miRNAs have been found to be differentially expressed in serum and bodily fluid in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with and without retinopathy. Some miRNAs have been associated with the severity of DR, and future studies may reveal whether circulatory miRNAs could serve as novel reliable biomarkers to detect or predict retinopathy progression. Therapeutic strategies can be developed utilizing the natural miRNA/long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) regulatory loops. miRNAs and lncRNAs are two major families of the non-protein-coding transcripts. They are regulatory molecules for fundamental cellular processes via a variety of mechanisms, and their expression and function are tightly regulated. The recent evidence indicates a cross-talk between miRNAs and lncRNAs. Therefore, dysregulation of miRNAs and lncRNAs is critical to human disease pathogenesis, such as diabetic retinopathy. miRNAs are long-distance communicators and reprogramming agents, and they embody an entirely novel paradigm in cellular and tissue signaling and interaction. By targeting specific miRNAs, whole pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of DR may potentially be altered. Understanding the endogenous roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy could lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to managing this frequently blinding retinal condition.