Rethinking national identities: Representation of the mapuche and dominant discourses of nationhood in twentieth-century Chile.
Rethinking national identities: Representation of the mapuche and dominant discourses of nationhood in twentieth-century Chile.
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重新思考民族身份：二十世纪智利马普切人的代表和民族地位的主导话语。
DOI：
10.1177/1468796810372305
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发表时间：
2006
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
J. Crow
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Crow
现有的学者倾向于将智利排除在拉丁美洲土著主义的研究之外，理由是智利没有像该地区其他国家那样经历过种族冲突的历史。我的博士论文挑战了这一共识，强调了20世纪智利这种冲突的各种话语表现，并调查了知识分子和国家机构在智利国家身份中重新定义土著文化地位的连续尝试。在民族主义和民族认同的理论研究中，本文探讨了“智利人”和“马普切人”的主导形象在20世纪，特别是自20世纪60年代以来发生变化的方式。它说明了不同的身份话语是如何相互竞争的，强调了土著主义叙事的存在，以及这些叙事被纳入，但往往被儿童的主导表现所颠覆的方式。研究了与智利国家建设的关键地点有关的广泛材料——历史学、教育、博物馆和文学——它试图展示马普切人和智利人身份话语的流动性。我的论文追溯了少数民族（马普切）民族主义的出现，这种民族主义试图对抗和废除官方的国家民族主义。然而，它也旨在说明对该国种族政治的标准解释的局限性，这些解释要么将马普切人描绘成一个英勇地与国家镇压作斗争的民族，要么将他们的斗争减少为怀旧的理想主义，并声称马普切文化不可避免地同化为“智利人”。整个二十世纪，马普切人一直积极与国家交往，经常反对其意识形态基础，但也与他们进行谈判。事实上，许多马普切人已经成为国家机器的一部分，努力为他们的人民在国家想象中而不是在国家想象之外开拓出一片天地。因此，在关于历史、记忆和文化在国家建设中的作用的辩论框架内，智利的经验为重建种族和国家身份的冲突过程提供了一个基本上未被探索的案例研究。
Existing scholarship has tended to exclude Chile from studies of indigenismo in Latin America, on the basis that it has not experienced the same history of ethnic conflict as other countries in the region. My doctoral thesis challenges this consensus, highlighting various discursive manifestations of such a conflict in twentieth-century Chile, and investigating the successive attempts of intellectuals and state institutions to redefine the place of indigenous cultures within Chilean nationhood. Located within the theoretical study of nationalism and national identity the thesis explores the way in which dominant images of "Chilean-ness" and "Mapuche-ness" have changed during the twentieth century, particularly since the 1960s. It illustrates how divergent identity discourses competed with one another, underlining both the presence of indigenista narratives and the way in which these have been incorporated into, but often subverted by, dominant representations of chilenidad. Examining a wide range of materials linked to key sites of nation building in Chile - historiography, education, museums and literature - it seeks to demonstrate the fluid nature of both Mapuche and Chilean identity discourses. My thesis traces the emergence of a minority (Mapuche) nationalism that has sought to counter and invalidate official state nationalism. However, it also aims to illustrate the limitations of the standard interpretations of ethnic politics in the country, which either portray the Mapuche as a people fighting heroically against state repression, or reduce their struggle to nostalgic idealism and claim as inevitable the assimilation of Mapuche culture into "Chilean-ness". Throughout the twentieth century the Mapuche have been actively engaged with the state, often opposing its ideological underpinnings, but also negotiating with them. Indeed, many Mapuche have worked as part of the state apparatus, trying to carve out a place for their people within rather than outside national imaginings. The Chilean experience thereby provides a largely unexplored case study of the conflictive process of reconstructing ethnic and national identities, within a framework of debates about the roles of history, memory and culture in nation-building.