On the design of neural networks in the brain by genetic evolution
On the design of neural networks in the brain by genetic evolution
复制标题
通过遗传进化设计大脑神经网络
DOI：
10.1016/s0301-0082(99)00066-0
复制
发表时间：
2000
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
S. Stringer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Rolls;S. Stringer
在个体发生过程中，提出了基因可以指定的假设，以使大脑中发现的神经网络的不同功能架构得以建立。有人认为，对于每一类神经元（例如，海马CA3锥体细胞），少数基因指定了该神经元类的一般特性（例如，该类神经元的数量，放电阈值），而大量基因指定了与该神经元类形成突触的其他每一类神经元的突触特性。这些特性不仅包括突触来自其他神经元类别，还包括它们是兴奋性的还是抑制性的，在突触上实现的学习规则的性质，以及这些突触的初始强度。为了证明假设的可行性，以指定不同类型的神经网络的架构，遗传算法被用来允许基因型的进化，这些基因型能够指定神经网络，可以学习解决特定的计算任务，包括模式关联，自动关联和竞争学习。这种整体方法允许这些假设在基因指定结构的神经网络模拟的帮助下得到进一步的测试、改进和扩展，以便进一步发展我们对大脑不同部分的结构和操作是如何由基因指定的，以及我们大脑的不同部分是如何进化以执行特定功能的理解。
Hypotheses are presented of what could be specified by genes to enable the different functional architectures of the neural networks found in the brain to be built during ontogenesis. It is suggested that for each class of neuron (e.g., hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells) a small number of genes specify the generic properties of that neuron class (e.g., the number of neurons in the class, and the firing threshold), while a larger number of genes specify the properties of the synapses onto that class of neuron from each of the other classes that makes synapses with it. These properties include not only which other neuron classes the synapses come from, but whether they are excitatory or inhibitory, the nature of the learning rule implemented at the synapse, and the initial strength of such synapses. In a demonstration of the feasibility of the hypotheses to specify the architecture of different types of neuronal network, a genetic algorithm is used to allow the evolution of genotypes which are capable of specifying neural networks that can learn to solve particular computational tasks, including pattern association, autoassociation, and competitive learning. This overall approach allows such hypotheses to be further tested, improved, and extended with the help of neuronal network simulations with genetically specified architectures in order to develop further our understanding of how the architecture and operation of different parts of brains are specified by genes, and how different parts of our brains have evolved to perform particular functions.