Growth and yield of mixed versus pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe
Growth and yield of mixed versus pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe
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DOI：
10.1007/s10342-015-0900-4
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发表时间：
2015-07
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
H. Pretzsch;M. Río;C. Ammer;Admir Avdagić;I. Barbeito;K. Bielak;G. Brazaitis;L. Coll;G. Dirnberger-G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
H. Pretzsch;M. Río;C. Ammer;Admir Avdagić;I. Barbeito;K. Bielak;G. Brazaitis;L. Coll;G. Dirnberger-G
互补树种的混合可以提高林分生产力，减轻干旱和其他风险的影响，并为森林生产系统铺平道路，这种系统在面对气候变化时可以更有效地利用资源和更稳定。然而，对于许多具有重要商业意义和广泛分布的物种组合，仍然缺少关于混合效应的系统经验研究。本文研究了樟子松（PinussylvestrisL.）和欧洲山毛榉（Fagus sylvaticaL.）从瑞典到保加利亚，从西班牙到乌克兰，沿沿着生产力梯度分布的32个三联体上的混交林与纯林。林分清查和采取增量核心的主要60 - 80岁的树木和0.02 - 1.55公顷大小，充分放养的地块提供了洞察物种混合如何修改的结构，动态和生产力相比，邻近的纯林。混交林分蓄积量（+12%）、林分密度（+20%）、断面积生长量（+12%）、蓄积生长量（+8%）均高于相邻纯林的加权平均值。苏格兰松和欧洲山毛榉对过度丰产和过度密度的贡献相当相等。在混交林中，苏格兰松的平均直径（+20%）和高度（+6%）领先，而欧洲山毛榉的直径和高度生长均落后（-8%）。尽管这些地点的降水量（520 - 1175 mm/年）、年平均温度（6 - 10.5 ° C）和de Martonne的干旱指数（28 - 61 mm ° C-1）变化很大，但丰产和过密与地点指数、林分生长和产量以及气候变量无关。因此，这种物种组合可能有助于在广泛的地点和气候条件下提高生产力。鉴于林分断面积增长的显着的过度，但没有任何关系的网站指数和气候变量，我们假设，过度和密度过大的结果从几种不同类型的相互作用（光，水，营养相关），都是重要的在不同的情况下。我们讨论了生态理论的相关性，并为正在进行的造林过渡，从纯林到混合林及其适应气候变化的结果。
Mixing of complementary tree species may increase stand productivity, mitigate the effects of drought and other risks, and pave the way to forest production systems which may be more resource-use efficient and stable in the face of climate change. However, systematic empirical studies on mixing effects are still missing for many commercially important and widespread species combinations. Here we studied the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) and European beech (Fagus sylvaticaL.) in mixed versus pure stands on 32 triplets located along a productivity gradient through Europe, reaching from Sweden to Bulgaria and from Spain to the Ukraine. Stand inventory and taking increment cores on the mainly 60–80 year-old trees and 0.02–1.55 ha sized, fully stocked plots provided insight how species mixing modifies the structure, dynamics and productivity compared with neighbouring pure stands. In mixture standing volume (+12 %), stand density (+20 %), basal area growth (+12 %), and stand volume growth (+8 %) were higher than the weighted mean of the neighbouring pure stands. Scots pine and European beech contributed rather equally to the overyielding and overdensity. In mixed stands mean diameter (+20 %) and height (+6 %) of Scots pine was ahead, while both diameter and height growth of European beech were behind (−8 %). The overyielding and overdensity were independent of the site index, the stand growth and yield, and climatic variables despite the wide variation in precipitation (520–1175 mm year−1), mean annual temperature (6–10.5 °C), and the drought index by de Martonne (28–61 mm °C−1) on the sites. Therefore, this species combination is potentially useful for increasing productivity across a wide range of site and climatic conditions. Given the significant overyielding of stand basal area growth but the absence of any relationship with site index and climatic variables, we hypothesize that the overyielding and overdensity results from several different types of interactions (light-, water-, and nutrient-related) that are all important in different circumstances. We discuss the relevance of the results for ecological theory and for the ongoing silvicultural transition from pure to mixed stands and their adaptation to climate change.