From the bush to the bench: the annual Nothobranchius fishes as a new model system in biology
From the bush to the bench: the annual Nothobranchius fishes as a new model system in biology
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DOI：
10.1111/brv.12183
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发表时间：
2016-05-01
影响因子：
10
通讯作者：
Reichard, Martin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cellerino, Alessandro;Valenzano, Dario R.;Reichard, Martin
假鳃鱼属的非洲一年生鱼类是小型硬骨鱼类，栖息在因季风季节交替而每年变干的临时水体中。由于其独特的生物学特性，这些鱼已经成为几个生物学科的模式分类群。它们越来越受欢迎，是因为它们的寿命极短，这是它们特定的生活史适应的结果，并在实验室条件下保留下来。最受欢迎的实验室物种，是人工饲养中记录的最短寿命的脊椎动物物种。在实验室中，不同的假鳃鱼类和种群的成年人生活在3到18个月之间，值得注意的是，一个物种的圈养寿命与其栖息地的干旱程度之间存在负相关。它们的寿命短，加上快速的年龄依赖性功能下降和细胞和分子变化的表达，与在包括人类在内的其他脊椎动物中观察到的变化相当。转基因技术的最新发展使得将特定的构建体插入到它们的基因组中成为可能，并且转基因系的建立通过它们非常快速的世代时间（可以短至1个月）来促进。这使得假鳃鱼类特别适合研究衰老和衰老相关功能障碍的生物和分子方面。同时，它们也代表了一个独特的模式分类群，以研究生活史适应的进化及其遗传结构。我们回顾了它们的自然历史，包括系统发育关系、与栖息地条件相关的分布和不同寿命的自然选择、种群结构和人口统计以及生命周期，重点是可能发生在胚胎发育过程中的三个阶段的滞育。我们进一步严格评估它们作为实验室模型的使用，以了解快速老化率的演变及其对其他生活史性状的影响，与衰老过程相关的细胞，分子和综合性状，肿瘤的高发病率，它们在全基因组基因表达研究中的实用性，以及作为定量遗传学模型。我们总结了最近的成就，培养假鳃鱼类作为一个广泛适用的模型系统，包括注释的转录组，成功的转基因，并存在可行的近交系。我们比较他们在野外和圈养的经验条件，并建议他们是一个理想的类群，在实验室环境中调查自然遗传变异。我们认为假鳃鱼类（Nothobranchius species）和N.特别是furzeri-可能成为一个独特的模式分类，桥梁的利益，生态和生物医学研究。我们希望这两个生物学分支的概念和方法的整合将提供重要的新见解。
African annual fishes from the genus Nothobranchius are small teleosts that inhabit temporary water bodies subject to annual desiccation due to the alternation of the monsoon seasons. Given their unique biology, these fish have emerged as a model taxon in several biological disciplines. Their increasing popularity stems from the extremely short lifespan that is the result of their specific life-history adaptations and is retained under laboratory conditions. Nothobranchius furzeri, the most popular laboratory species, is the vertebrate species with the shortest lifespan recorded in captivity. In the laboratory, adults of different Nothobranchius species and populations live between 3 and 18 months and, notably, there is a negative correlation between the captive lifespan of a species and the aridity of their habitat. Their short lifespan is coupled to rapid age-dependent functional decline and expression of cellular and molecular changes comparable to those observed in other vertebrates, including humans. The recent development of transgenesis in this species makes it possible to insert specific constructs into their genome, and the establishment of transgenic lines is facilitated by their very rapid generation time, which can be as short as 1 month. This makes Nothobranchius species particularly suited for investigating biological and molecular aspects of ageing and ageing-associated dysfunctions. At the same time, they also represent a unique model taxon to investigate the evolution of life-history adaptations and their genetic architecture. We review their natural history, including phylogenetic relationships, distribution in relation to habitat conditions and natural selection for differential longevity, population structure and demography, and life cycle with emphasis on diapause that may occur at three stages during embryonic development. We further critically evaluate their use as a laboratory model for understanding the evolution of a rapid ageing rate and its consequences for other life-history traits, for cellular, molecular and integrative traits associated with the ageing process, high incidence of neoplasias, their utility for genome-wide gene-expression studies, and as a model for quantitative genetics. We summarize recent achievements in fostering Nothobranchius species as a widely applicable model system, including an annotated transcriptome, successful transgenesis, and existence of viable inbred lines. We compare the conditions they experience in the wild and in captivity and suggest that they are an ideal taxon to investigate natural genetic variation in a laboratory setting. We conclude that Nothobranchius species - and N. furzeri in particular - could become a unique model taxon that bridges interests in ecological and biomedical research. We hope that a conceptual and methodological integration of these two branches of biology will provide important new insights.