Abundance patterns and species richness of the parasitoids and inquilines of the alien gall-former Andricus quercuscalicis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
Abundance patterns and species richness of the parasitoids and inquilines of the alien gall-former Andricus quercuscalicis (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
复制标题
外来瘿形成者 Andricus quercuscalicis 的寄生蜂和寄生蜂的丰度模式和物种丰富度（膜翅目：Cynipidae）
作者：
K. Schönrogge;G. Stone;M. Crawley
1)四种寄生蜂攻击入侵cynipid Andricus quercuscalcium的无配子虫瘿中的虫瘿制造者，另外两种寄生蜂攻击虫瘿薄壁中发育的回形虫幼虫。拟寄生蜂和钩虫的丰度与以下因素相关：1）瘿形态; 2）在欧洲收集样品的地理位置; 3）物种复合体其他成员的丰度。2)侵入的瘿蜂在不同的地点存在了不同的时间，这可能会影响寄生蜂和旋刺物种攻击的地理分布。其中一种寄生虫仅限于东南欧的原生范围（Aulogymnus trilineatus），而另一种寄生虫（Cecidostiba hilaris）则是一种寄生虫，存在于整个欧洲大陆，但尚未有不列颠群岛的记录。本文报道了寄生蜂复合体的物种丰富度。随着远离原生分布区的距离增加，栎属的钙含量下降。然而，在本地范围内，物种丰富度呈负相关的cynipid物种（替代主机的寄生虫物种）的总数记录在同一个采样点。3)成熟的knopper虫瘿的大小下降向西和向北远离瘿蜂的原生范围。在较大的虫瘿中，Inquiline丰度较高，寄生蜂之一Megastigmus stigmatizans的发生也是如此。另外两种寄生蜂的发生与虫瘿大小呈负相关，而一种，Mesopolobus jucundus，不受虫瘿大小的影响。4)无论是丰富的inquilines，也没有攻击的inquilines寄生蜂显示任何显着的地理趋势与入侵历史的胆制造商。C.攻击率欧洲大陆的优势寄生蜂种Hilaris对每虫瘿中的虫口数有轻微的正密度依赖关系，而M.而英国的优势寄生蜂jucundus则没有这种趋势。
1) Four parasitoid species attack the gall-maker in the agamic galls of the invading cynipid Andricus quercuscalicis and further two parasitoid species attack inquiline larvae developing in the parenchymatic wall of the gall. The abundance of the parasitoids and inquilines are correlated with: 1) gall morphology; 2) the geographical location within Europe where the samples were collected; and 3) the abundance of other members of the species complex. 2) The invading gall wasp has been present for different periods of time at different sites, and this is likely to affect the geographic distribution of attack by parasitoid and inquiline species. One of the parasitoid species was restricted to the native range in south-eastern Europe (Aulogymnus trilineatus), while another species (Cecidostiba hilaris), a parasitoid of the inquilines, was present throughout continental Europe but is not yet recorded from the British Isles. Species richness of the parasitoid complex associated with the galls of A. quercuscalicis declined with increasing distance away from the native range. Within the native range, however, species richness was negatively correlated with the total number of cynipid species (alternative hosts for the parasitoid species) recorded at the same sample site. 3) The size of mature knopper galls declined westwards and northwards away from the native range of the gall wasp. Inquiline abundance was higher in larger galls, and so was the occurrence of one of the parasitoid species, Megastigmus stigmatizans. The occurrence of two other parasitoid species was negatively correlated with gall size while one species, Mesopolobus jucundus, was not affected by gall size. 4) Neither the abundance of inquilines nor of parasitoids attacking the inquilines show any significant geographical trend associated with the invasion history of the gall-maker. Attack rates by C. hilaris, the dominant parasitoid species in continental Europe, showed a slight positive density dependence to the number of inquilines per gall, while those by M. jucundus, the dominant parasitoid of inquiline in Britain, showed no such trend.