SIZE‐DEPENDENT ASYMMETRY: FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY VERSUS ANTISYMMETRY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO CONDITION‐DEPENDENT SIGNALING
SIZE‐DEPENDENT ASYMMETRY: FLUCTUATING ASYMMETRY VERSUS ANTISYMMETRY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO CONDITION‐DEPENDENT SIGNALING
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尺寸相关的不对称性：波动不对称性与反对称性及其与条件相关信号传导的相关性
DOI：
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01463.x
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
A. Palmer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Rowe;R. Repasky;A. Palmer
波动不对称性（FA）在性信号系统进化的研究中受到了广泛的关注。实验表明，对称性随着个体条件的降低而降低，这支持了FA在性信号的进化中起着重要作用的观点。然而，仔细观察几个双边变异作为性状大小（条件的相关性）的函数的例子，表明了一种不同的变异模式。而不是FA，这些特征表明了大小依赖的反对称模式（R-L的双峰频率分布）。我们介绍了一些定量的方法来测试条件或大小依赖的FA。我们的分析拒绝了五个已发表的涉及信号的数据集中的四个的纯FA（第五个是模棱两可的），但证实了一个非信号特征中存在大小依赖性FA。在不符合FA的研究中，数据似乎更接近于具有较小信号特征的个体的反对称模式。因此，我们的研究结果表明，目前的讨论和结论FA的信号系统的演变中的作用应该重新考虑。更具体地说，我们注意到条件依赖的反对称性提供了比条件依赖的FA更可靠的指标。然而，我们要提醒的是，还需要做更多的工作来确定这种模式是否是普遍的，而不是人为的。我们的分析方法可以有效地应用于其他连续的因素，预计与不对称性，包括杂合性，近亲繁殖，和环境压力的研究。最后，我们认为，反对称可能已普遍误认为FA在各种情况下处理各种问题。
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) has received much recent attention in studies of the evolution of sexual signaling systems. Tests apparently showing that symmetry decreases as individual condition decreases have bolstered the view that FA plays a significant role in the evolution of sexual signals. However, a closer inspection of several examples of bilateral variation as a function of trait size (a correlate of condition) suggests a different pattern of variation. Rather than FA, these traits suggest a pattern of size‐dependent antisymmetry (a bimodal frequency distribution of R – L). We introduce some quantitative methods to test for condition‐ or size‐dependent FA. Our analyses reject pure FA for four of the five published datasets involving signals (the fifth is equivocal), but confirm the presence of size‐dependent FA in one nonsignaling trait. In the studies not conforming to FA, the data appear to fit more closely a pattern of antisymmetry in individuals with smaller signaling traits. Our results thus suggest that current discussions and conclusions about the role of FA in the evolution of signaling systems should be reconsidered. More specifically, we note that condition‐dependent antisymmetry offers a more reliable indicator than condition‐dependent FA. We caution, however, that additional work will be needed to determine whether the pattern is general and not an artifact. Our method of analysis could usefully be applied to studies of other continuous factors expected to be correlated with asymmetries, including heterozygosity, inbreeding, and environmental stress. Finally, we suggest that antisymmetry may have commonly been mistaken for FA in a variety of cases dealing with a variety of problems.
1930年代和1940年代日本教育机构的转型重组过程(3) - 从战时到战后初期的变化 -
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
教育史学会会報
影响因子：
--
作者：
Mori;S.;矢野智司;梶山雅史
通讯作者：
梶山雅史