Early Evolution of Photosynthesis
Early Evolution of Photosynthesis
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DOI：
10.1104/pp.110.161687
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发表时间：
2010-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Blankenship, Robert E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Blankenship, Robert E.
光合作用是地球上唯一重要的太阳能储存过程，是我们所有食物和大部分能源的来源。因此，了解光合作用的起源和进化具有重大意义，因为它可能有助于解释光合作用过程中的低效率，并为改进农业和能源应用的各个方面指明道路。大量证据表明，光合作用是一个古老的过程，在生命起源后不久就开始了，并通过复杂的路径进化产生了今天发现的各种光合生物和代谢的分布（Blankenship, 2002; Björn and Govindjee, 2009）。图1显示了基于小亚基rRNA分析的生命进化树。在细菌、古生菌和真核生物这三个生命领域中，基于叶绿素的光合作用只在细菌和真核生物领域被发现。光合作用的能力广泛分布在六个不同门的细菌领域，没有明显的进化模式。光合作用门包括蓝藻门、变形菌门（紫色细菌）、绿色硫细菌（GSB）、厚壁菌门（日光细菌）、丝状无氧光养菌（FAPs，也常被称为绿色非硫细菌）和酸性细菌（Raymond, 2008）。在某些情况下（蓝藻和GSB），该门的所有成员基本上都是嗜光性的，而在其他情况下，特别是变形菌，绝大多数物种都不是嗜光性的。大量证据表明，真核生物光合作用起源于蓝藻样生物的内共生，最终形成叶绿体（Margulis, 1992）。所以光合作用的进化起源是在细菌领域找到的。有重要证据表明，细菌中光合作用的当前分布是大量水平基因转移的结果，这种水平基因转移已经打乱了光合作用机构各部分的遗传信息，因此没有一个简单的分支图可以准确地代表光合作用的进化（Raymond et al., 2002）。然而，通过对光合器官各个部分的详细分析，我们可以辨别出一些模式，
Photosynthesis is the only significant solar energy storage process on Earth and is the source of all of our food and most of our energy resources. An understanding of the origin and evolution of photosynthesis is therefore of substantial interest, as it may help to explain inefficiencies in the process and point the way to attempts to improve various aspects for agricultural and energy applications.A wealth of evidence indicates that photosynthesis is an ancient process that originated not long after the origin of life and has evolved via a complex path to produce the distribution of types of photosynthetic organisms and metabolisms that are found today (Blankenship, 2002; Björn and Govindjee, 2009). Figure 1 shows an evolutionary tree of life based on smallsubunit rRNA analysis. Of the three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, chlorophyll-based photosynthesis has only been found in the bacterial and eukaryotic domains. The ability to do photosynthesis is widely distributed throughout the bacterial domain in six different phyla, with no apparent pattern of evolution. Photosynthetic phyla include the cyanobacteria, proteobacteria (purple bacteria), green sulfur bacteria (GSB), firmicutes (heliobacteria), filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs (FAPs, also often called the green nonsulfur bacteria), and acidobacteria (Raymond, 2008). In some cases (cyanobacteria and GSB), essentially all members of the phylum are phototrop2hic, while in the others, in particular the proteobacteria, the vast majority of species are not phototrophic. Overwhelming evidence indicates that eukaryotic photosynthesis originated from endosymbiosis of cyanobacterial-like organisms, which ultimately became chloroplasts (Margulis, 1992). So the evolutionary origin of photosynthesis is to be found in the bacterial domain. Significant evidence indicates that the current distribution of photosynthesis in bacteria is the result of substantial amounts of horizontal gene transfer, which has shuffled the genetic information that codes for various parts of the photosynthetic apparatus, so that no one simple branching diagram can accurately represent the evolution of photosynthesis (Raymond et al., 2002). However, there are some patterns that can be discerned from detailed analysis of the various parts of the photosynthetic apparatus,