Nuclear Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment
Nuclear Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment
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核启蒙与反启蒙
DOI：
10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00630.x
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
W. Walker
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Walker
鉴于核武器的末日性质，各国如何建立一种国际秩序，既确保生存，又允许以受控的方式使用核武器以阻止大规模战争，同时允许核技术不同地用于民用目的？少数国家拥有核武器与大多数国家放弃核武器怎么能调和呢？哪些政治战略能够最好地实现有效、合法和持久的国际核秩序？这些都是核时代的核心问题。本文认为，建构这种秩序的努力表现出启蒙工程的特征，它强调平衡和理性，追求国家之间的正义和信任，工具性调节的可行性，以及对希望和进步的依恋。以《核不扩散条约》为核心，它必然优先于外交和遏制，而不是预防性战争。本文探讨了核秩序的概念为何被其昔日的拥护者美国抛弃，转而支持一种带有反启蒙特征的概念。它的替代战略现在可以被宣布为失败。要避免出现更大的混乱，有赖于认识到核秩序的问题不仅仅是扩散或不遵守的问题，还有赖于恢复--不管有什么困难--恢复隐藏在先前的秩序办法背后的合作但务实的敏感性。
Given the apocalyptic nature of nuclear weapons, how can states establish an international order that ensures survival while allowing the weapons to be used in controlled ways to discourage great wars, and while allowing nuclear technology to dif use for civil purposes? How can the possession of nuclear weapons by a few states be reconciled with their renunciation by the majority of states? Which political strategies can best deliver an international nuclear order that is effective, legitimate and durable? These have been central questions in the nuclear age. This article suggests that the effort to construct such an order displayed the characteristics of an enlightenment project, with its emphasis on balance and rationality, the quest for justice and trust among states, the feasibility of instrumental regulation, and the attachment to hope and progress. With the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty at its heart, it necessarily gave precedence to diplomacy and containment over preventive war. The reasons why this conception of nuclear order was discarded by its erstwhile champion, the United States, in favour of one bearing traits of counter-enlightenment, are explored. Its alternative strategy can now be declared a failure. Avoidance of a greater disorder depends on recognition that the problem of nuclear order is more than the problem of proliferation, or of non-compliance, and on recovery—whatever the difficulties—of the cooperative yet pragmatic sensibility that lay behind the prior approach to order.