The effects of disturbance on behaviour, habitat use and energy of spring staging snow geese
The effects of disturbance on behaviour, habitat use and energy of spring staging snow geese
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DOI：
10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00928.x
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发表时间：
2004-08-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Gauthier, G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Béchet, A;Giroux, JF;Gauthier, G
1. 对于许多物种来说，人为引起的干扰会严重影响个体的收益；然而，不同扰动类型造成的能源成本变化却鲜有报道。2．我们评估了 1997 年至 2000 年间加拿大魁北克南部大雪雁 Anser caerulescens atlanticus 对不同类型干扰的动态行为反应。我们特别考虑了一项独特措施的影响，即 1999 年在农业栖息地实施的春季保护狩猎。3。我们对 237 只带有无线电标签的雌性进行了 2764 小时的跟踪，并在三个具有不同栖息地特征的地区记录了 697 次偶然干扰、惊吓和狩猎后的起飞。鹅在魁北克西南部以玉米地为食，在圣劳伦斯河口上游以三草属沼泽和干草地为食，在河口下游以斯巴达沼泽和干草地为食。 4．总体而言，在狩猎期间，上河口和下河口的干扰程度有所增加，主要是由于狩猎和恐吓活动的增加。5．除玉米种植区外，在狩猎活动的年份里，大雁在农业生境受到干扰后返回避难所的可能性有所增加。干扰后恢复采食的鹅的短期能量增益低于干扰前，且这种差异在有狩猎的年份更大。在Scirpus地区，干扰后的飞行距离随着鸡群大小的增加而减小，并且惊吓和狩猎后的飞行距离比偶然干扰后的飞行距离更长。6．总体而言，栖息地利用情况因年份而异，在斯巴达和玉米种植区狩猎的这两年中，相关的估计能量增益均显着下降，但在三草属地区没有变化。由于干扰而导致的行为变化，尤其是与狩猎相关的行为变化，可能导致狩猎期间雪雁的身体状况下降。7。合成与应用。从方法论的角度来看，我们强调了跟踪干扰后个体动物的行为以正确评估其影响的重要性。从保护的角度来看，我们提供了经验论据来限制繁殖水禽在婚前迁徙期间的狩猎，以促进它们的育肥和即将到来的繁殖。从管理的角度来看，我们认为，为控制种群过多而进行的春季狩猎所引起的干扰的副作用可能是减少存活鸟类的育肥和繁殖产量。总之，这些数据进一步强调了测量干扰的直接和间接影响的重要性，而不是仅仅根据干扰的发生率来假设影响。
1. For many species, human-induced disturbances can severely influence an individual's pay-off; however, energy-cost variations from different disturbance types have rarely been reported.2. We evaluated the dynamic behavioural responses of staging greater snow geese Anser caerulescens atlanticus to different types of disturbance in southern Quebec, Canada, between 1997 and 2000. We specifically considered the impact of a unique measure, a spring conservation hunt implemented in agricultural habitats in 1999.3. We tracked 237 radio-tagged females for 2764 h and recorded 697 take-offs following fortuitous disturbance, scaring and hunting in three regions characterized by different habitats. Geese used cornfields in south-western Quebec, Scirpus marshes and hayfields in the upper St Lawrence estuary, and Spartina marshes and hayfields in the lower estuary.4. Overall, disturbance levels increased in the upper and lower estuary during years with hunting, mostly through an increase in hunting and scaring activities.5. The probability of geese returning to a refuge after disturbance in agricultural habitats increased in years with hunting except in the corn-growing region. The short-term energy gain of geese resuming feeding after disturbance was less than before disturbance, and this difference was greater in years with hunting. Distances flown after disturbance decreased with flock size and were longer after scaring and hunting than after fortuitous disturbances in the Scirpus region.6. Overall, habitat use varied among years and associated estimated energy gain decreased markedly in both years with hunting in the Spartina and corn-growing region, but did not change in the Scirpus region. Changes in behaviour due to disturbance, and especially those associated with hunting, probably contributed to the reduced body condition of staging greater snow geese during years with hunting.7. Synthesis and applications. From a methodological viewpoint, we highlight the importance of tracking the behaviour of individual animals after disturbance to properly evaluate its impact. From a conservation perspective, we provide empirical arguments to limit the hunting of breeding waterfowl during their prenuptial migration in order to facilitate their fattening and forthcoming reproduction. From a management standpoint, we suggest that a side-effect of disturbance induced by spring hunting to control overabundant populations may be reduced fattening and breeding output among birds that survive. Together, these data emphasize further the importance of measuring the direct and indirect effects of disturbance rather than assuming effects from the incidence of the disturbance alone.