Innate and adaptive immunity to Francisella
Innate and adaptive immunity to Francisella
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DOI：
10.1196/annals.1409.014
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Bosio, Catharine M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Elkins, Karen L.;Cowley, Siobhan C.;Bosio, Catharine M.
对弗朗西斯菌免疫反应的研究已经进行了50多年。在这里，对弗朗西斯菌的先天和适应性免疫反应的基本参数进行了综述，重点介绍了那些可能直接有助于预防感染的参数。尽管较早的文献提供了关于人类对感染和疫苗接种的免疫反应的丰富信息，但最近的信息主要来自动物研究和使用动物细胞，特别是小鼠的研究。在实验动物中，巨噬细胞（Francisella的主要和首选宿主细胞）的激活似乎是控制感染的核心。因此，在动物模型和使用小鼠巨噬细胞的体外研究中，细胞因子如ifn - γ和tnf - α，首先来自非特异性细胞，如自然杀伤细胞，然后来自francisella特异性T细胞，共同作用于细胞内杀伤。在小鼠中，这些细胞内杀伤机制包括活性氮和活性氧，但在人类中的杀伤机制仍有待确定。CD4（+）和CD8(+) T细胞最终都发育为Francisella特异性记忆细胞，并在控制原发Francisella感染或疫苗诱导的保护中发挥重要作用。除了产生ifn - γ和tnf - α之外，CD4+或CD8+ T细胞所调用的效应机制是正在进行的研究的主题。在某些情况下，特异性抗体和B细胞都可能有助于控制原发感染或疫苗诱导的保护，特别是针对毒性较低的弗朗西斯菌菌株。因此，免疫系统的一些已知的促炎和Th-1 T细胞相关成分与这种有毒细菌作斗争；毫无疑问，其他的还有待发现。
Studies of immune responses to Francisella have been conducted for well over 50 years. Here, the basic parameters of innate and adaptive immune responses to Francisella are reviewed, with an emphasis on those that may contribute directly to protection against infection. Although older literature provides a wealth of information on human immune responses to infection and vaccination, most recent information has been derived largely from studies in animals and using animal cells, particularly mice. In experimental animals, activation of macrophages, a major and probably preferred host cell for Francisella, appears central to control of infection. Thus, in animal models and in vitro studies using mouse macrophages, cytokines such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, derived first from both nonspecific cells such as natural killer cells and later from Francisella-specific T cells, collaborate to effect intracellular killing. In mice, these intracellular killing mechanisms include reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, but killing mechanisms remain to be identified in humans. Ultimately both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells develop into Francisella-specific memory cells and are important for control of primary Francisella infection or vaccination-induced protection. The effector mechanisms invoked by either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, beyond production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, are the subject of ongoing studies. Both specific antibodies and B cells may contribute to control of primary infection or vaccination-induced protection in some circumstances, particularly against lower virulence Francisella strains. Thus a number of known proinflammatory and Th-1 T cell related components of the immune system combat this virulent bacterium; no doubt others remain to be discovered.