Tumorigenicity Assays, Including Use of the Jackknife
Tumorigenicity Assays, Including Use of the Jackknife
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致瘤性测定，包括使用折刀
DOI：
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发表时间：
1982
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Heyse
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
N. Mantel;J. Tukey;J. L. Ciminera;J. Heyse
讨论了长期致瘤性测定的复杂性并提出了统计方法。必须考虑肿瘤是如何发现的，并且可以在不言自明的肿瘤（可触及的肿瘤和快速致死的肿瘤）和仅在尸检中发现的肿瘤之间做出合理的区分。肿瘤自溶可能会造成困难。必须考虑实验设计的性质——研究可以是完全随机的，或者可能涉及同窝匹配，或者情况可能要求同窝中的所有成员受到相同的对待。使用对数秩程序或密切等效的Mantel-Haenszel 程序可以提供统一的方法，但需要进行修改，以便考虑到非不证自明的肿瘤的数据。审查发挥了作用，无论是因为最终研究终止，还是因为竞争风险的损失被视为审查观察。当存在多个非零剂量水平时，可以根据所使用的剂量度量来修改分析。无论是因为提出了许多问题还是因为必须考虑多种肿瘤部位，可能会出现多种统计检验。所提出的一些问题已在本文作者的早期论文中得到解决，请读者参考。特别是关于使用折刀的新材料，以便考虑到观察单位是窝，甚至是笼在一起的窝群。在这种情况下使用折刀时发现了各种问题。
The complexities of long-term tumorigenicity assays are discussed and statistical approaches suggested. Account must be taken of how tumors are discovered, and a reasonable distinction might be made between self-evidencing tumors (palpable tumors and rapidly lethal tumors) and those identified only on necropsy. Tumor autolysis can pose difficulties. The nature of the experimental design must be taken into account-the study can be completely randomized, or may involve litter-matching, or circumstances may require that all members of a litter be treated alike. The use of a logrank procedure or a closely equivalent Mantel-Haenszel procedure can provide a unifying approach, but modification needs to be made so as to take into account-data on non-self-evidencing tumors. Censoring plays a role, whether because of eventual study termination or because losses to competing risks are treated as censored observations. Where there are several non-zero dosage levels, the analysis can be modified according to the dosage metric used. Multiplicity of statistical tests can arise whether because a number of questions are asked or because a multiplicity of tumor sites have to be considered. Some of the kinds of questions raised have been addressed in earlier papers by various of the present authors, to which the reader is referred. Specifically new material is given on use of the jackknife so as to take into account that the unit of observation is the litter or even the group of litters caged together. Various problems were found to attend the application of the jackknife in such situations.