European Social Protest, 1000-2000
European Social Protest, 1000-2000
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欧洲社会抗议，1000-2000
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Linden
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Linden
毫无疑问，如果没有起义、社会运动和日常形式的集体抵抗，今天的欧洲将大不相同。在不小的程度上，行会战斗，农民战争和革命帮助塑造了我们的现在。尽管如此，历史学家多年来对下层阶级的抗议活动几乎没有兴趣，或者根本没有兴趣。相反，“骚乱”被视为高度情绪化的混乱群众的爆发，历史研究无法分析的层次。只是在二十世纪，特别是自1960年代以来，这种情况才有所改变。由于历史学家现在经常亲自参加抗议活动和社会运动，他们经常能够具体地看到各种形式的抵抗是如何发展起来的，以及什么样的条件使他们有机会取得成功。由此形成了一种新的视角，在国际上以机会结构、资源和框架的概念加以概述。机会结构描述了抗议活动的框架（国家镇压的程度，大众媒体的独立性等）。资源的概念强调，抗议者需要动员人民的手段，例如社会关系、更广泛的沟通形式、他们可以见面的地方和有说服力的演讲者。框架强调抗议者如何通过特定的意义和信仰体系表达他们的抵抗，他们自己经常重新修改。综合起来，这三个概念清楚地表明，抗议总是在独立于它们的特定政治背景下发展的;它们需要或多或少明确的合法化意识形态，并且它们需要社会和物质资源来有效地表达抗议。不用说，这三个要素都在不断变化。镇压、大众媒体、信仰体系和所需资源因地区和时期而异。
There is no doubt that without uprisings, social movements and everyday forms of collective resistance, today’s Europe would look quite different. In no small measure, guild battles, peasant wars and revolutions have helped shape our present. Despite this, historians have for many years shown little interest, or no interest at all, in the protests of the lower classes. Instead, ‘riots’ were seen as highly emotionally charged eruptions of confused masses, layers that historical research was unable to analyse. Only in the course of the twentieth century, and particularly since the 1960s, has this changed somewhat. Frequently, because historians had now often taken part in protests and social movements themselves, they could concretely see how forms of resistance could develop and what conditions gave them a chance of success. A new perspective was thus formed, outlined internationally in the concepts of opportunity structure, resources and framing. Opportunity structure describes the framework within which protests are articulated (the level of state repression, the independence of the mass media, etc.). The concept of resources emphasizes that protesters need means to mobilize people, such as, for example, social relationships, forms of wider communication, places where they can meet and persuasive speakers. Framing highlights how protesters articulate their resistance through particular meaning and belief systems, which they themselves often remodify. Taken together, these three concepts make clear that protests always develop in particular political contexts independent of them; that they need a more or less explicit legitimating ideology, and that they need social and material resources for the protest to be effectively articulated. It goes without saying that all three elements undergo constant change. Repression, mass media, belief systems and the required resources vary from region to region and from period to period.