History of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system .
History of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system
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DOI：
10.31887/dcns.2020.22.3/mcrocq
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发表时间：
2020-09
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Crocq MA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Crocq MA
本文追溯了大麻的故事，从人类最早与植物接触到随后的全球扩张，其药用价值，以及20世纪世纪内源性大麻素系统的发现。大约12000年前，在中亚的阿尔泰山脉附近发现了大麻，从那时起，大麻种子就伴随着游牧民族的迁徙。大麻的药用记录出现在公元前的中国，埃及和希腊（希罗多德），后来在罗马帝国（老普林尼，Dioscorides，Galen）。在世纪，东方学家西尔维斯特·德·萨西（Silvestre de Sacy）和西方医生接触到穆斯林和印度文化，如奥肖内西（O'Shaughnessy）和莫罗·德·图尔斯（Moreau de Tours），将大麻的药用引入欧洲。主要的精神活性植物大麻素四氢大麻酚（THC）的结构由以色列的Mechoulam和Gaoni于1964年确定。这一发现为内源性大麻素系统（ECS）研究领域的许多后续发展打开了大门。欧洲共同体科学知识的进步使关于大麻自由化的辩论处于一个新的背景下。
This article retraces the story of cannabis from the earliest contacts of humans with the plant to its subsequent global expansion, its medicinal uses, and the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in the 20th century. Cannabis was attested to around 12 000 years ago near the Altai Mountains in Central Asia, and since then, cannabis seeds have accompanied the migration of nomadic peoples. Records of the medicinal use of cannabis appear before the Common Era in China, Egypt, and Greece (Herodotus), and later in the Roman empire (Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, Galen). In the 19th century, orientalists like Silvestre de Sacy, and Western physicians coming into contact with Muslim and Indian cultures, like O’Shaughnessy and Moreau de Tours, introduced the medicinal use of cannabis into Europe. The structure of the main psychoactive phytocannabinoid, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was determined in Israel by Mechoulam and Gaoni in 1964. This discovery opened the gate for many of the subsequent developments in the field of endocannabinoid system (ECS) research. The advances in the scientific knowledge of the ECS place the debate on cannabis liberalization in a new context.