Stress and Immune Function There is a Role for the Gut Microbiota?
Stress and Immune Function There is a Role for the Gut Microbiota?
复制标题
DOI：
10.1097/mcg.0000000000001056
复制
发表时间：
2018-11-01
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Valsecchi, Chiara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Castellazzi, Annamaria;Tagliacarne, Sara Carlotta;Valsecchi, Chiara
胃肠道（GI）和中枢神经系统之间存在功能性沟通。这种通讯是双向的，涉及迷走神经等解剖学连接和包括免疫系统和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴在内的体液成分。越来越多的证据表明，这种相互作用的另一个关键因素是肠道微生物群。 1 众所周知，身体和心理压力不仅会影响免疫系统，还会影响荷尔蒙和胃肠道稳态。免疫机制由下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴以及通过外周组织的交感神经、副交感神经和肽能/感觉神经支配的神经元影响来调节。免疫和神经内分泌系统已被证明对环境信号产生综合反应，并且压力和免疫功能之间的关系已在许多情况下得到证明，包括对丝裂原和细胞活动的增殖反应。 2 压力条件可能导致促炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子之间的不平衡，或导致细胞因子的产生不受控制。针对细菌菌群的先天性和适应性肠道免疫反应的失调，包括对环境抗原和共生体的口服耐受性的破坏，涉及多种发病机制。 3 此外，肠道生态系统的完整性可能受到多种外部因素的影响，包括抗生素使用、辐射、胃肠道蠕动改变、饮食变化、心理和身体压力。在人类和动物模型中进行的研究表明，心理压力可以直接影响微生物群的组成，有时会产生长期影响，导致乳酸杆菌种类显着减少。压力引起的胃肠道变化导致肠道环境的建立不利于乳酸杆菌的存活、粘附和复制。 4 长期心理压力还会导致粘蛋白产生显着减少，粘膜表面酸性粘多糖减少，从而促进病原微生物在肠道定植。 5, 6A 平衡的肠道菌群不仅对于维持肠道稳态很重要，而且对于免疫系统功能的调节也很重要，并且对肠脑轴有直接影响。鉴于中枢神经系统和肠道之间的相互作用，使用益生菌和益生元可有效改善肠道稳态，并消除与身体和心理应激条件相关的生态失调。
There is a functional communication between the gastro-intestinal (GI) and central nervous system. This communication is bidirectional and it involves anatomic connections like the vagus nerve and humoral components including the immune system and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. There is increasing evidence suggesting that another key player in this interaction is the intestinal microbiota. 1 Physical and psychological stress is known to affect not only the immune system, but also hormonal and GI homeostasis. Immune mechanisms are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis as well as by neuronal influences through sympathetic, parasympathetic, and peptidergic/sensory innervation of peripheral tissues. Immune and neuroendocrine systems have been shown to exert integrated responses to environmental signals and the relationship between stress and immune function has been demonstrated in many contexts, including proliferative response to mitogens and cellular activity. 2 Stress conditions can lead to an imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines or to an uncontrolled production of cytokines. Disregulation of innate and adaptive intestinal immune responses directed against the bacterial flora including a breakdown of oral tolerance to environmental antigens and commensals are involved in several pathogenetic mechanisms. 3 Moreover, the integrity of intestinal ecosystem could be affected by several external factors, including antibiotic use, radiation, altered GI tract peristalsis, dietary changes, psychological, and physical stress. Studies conducted either in humans and in animal models demonstrated that psychological stress could directly affect microflora composition and sometimes with long-lasting effects, with a marked decrease in Lactobacilli specie. Stress-induced GI changes lead to the establishment of an intestinal environment less conducive to Lactobacilli survival, adherence, and replication. 4 Prolonged psychological stress also results in a significant reduction in the production of mucin and a decreased presence of acidic mucopolysaccharides on the mucosal surface, which facilitates intestinal colonization by pathogenic organisms. 5, 6A balanced intestinal microflora is important not only for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, but also for the regulation of immune system functionality and with direct effects on gut-brain axis. In the light of the interactions between central nervous system and intestine, the use of probiotics and prebiotics can be useful to improve the intestinal homeostasis and reach the onset of dysbiosis associated with physical and psychological stress conditions.