Chitin synthesis and inhibition: a revisit
Chitin synthesis and inhibition: a revisit
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DOI：
10.1002/ps.363
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发表时间：
2001-10-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Cohen, E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cohen, E
几丁质是由n -乙酰- d -葡萄糖胺单元组成的丰富的生物重要氨基多糖。单个聚合物由几丁质合成酶（一种膜结合的糖基转移酶）在细胞内合成，在质膜上转移并结合形成刚性晶体。这些晶体，除其他外，是酵母和丝状真菌的隔膜和细胞壁的组成部分。和无脊椎动物，特别是甲壳类动物和昆虫的角质层。尽管经过数十年的深入研究，许多事件与几丁质形成的复杂性有关。沉积仍然是模糊的，或者只是部分理解。该清单包括在转录和翻译水平上对CS的激素控制以及翻译后的CS包装；CS簇的运输和引导到细胞中的适当位置及其复杂的插入质膜，催化步骤的激活及其控制或调节；和易位。细胞膜上的几丁质链，它们的取向，纤维形成以及与其他细胞外结构成分，如多糖（真菌）和表皮蛋白（昆虫）的关联。此外，CS抑制剂（如酰基脲类昆虫生长调节剂）造成的确切生化损害在很大程度上尚不清楚。最近昆虫CS基因的分离和测序将有助于阐明几丁质生物化学和抑制的各个方面。特别是，大量的跨膜片段，昆虫CS的特征，推测参与几丁质易位，并有望为揭示酰基脲类杀虫剂的作用方式提供线索。(C) 2001年化学工业学会。
Chitin is an abundant biologically important aminopolysaccharide composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units., Individual polymers, which are synthesized intracellularly by chitin synthase (CS), a membrane-bound glycosyl transferase, are translocated across the plasma membrane and coalesce to form rigid crystallites. These crystallites, inter alia, are integral parts of septa and cell walls in yeast and filamentous fungi,. respectively, and of cuticles in invertebrates, notably crustaceans and insects. Despite decades of intensive research, many events associated with the complexity of chitin formation and. deposition are still obscure, or, only partially understood. The list includes the hormonal control of CS at the transcriptional and, translational levels as well as the post-translational CS packaging; trafficking and guidance of CS clusters to proper sites in the cells and their intricate insertion into the plasma membranes, activation of the catalytic step and its control or modulation; and translocation. of chitin chains across cell membranes, their orientation, fibrillogenesis and association with other, extracellular structural components such as, polysaccharides (fungi) and cuticular proteins (insects). Also the precise biochemical lesions inflicted by CS inhibitors, such as the acylurea insect growth regulators, are largely unclear. The recent isolation and sequencing of insect CS genes should help in elucidating various aspects of chitin biochemistry and inhibition. In particular, the large number of transmembrane, segments, characteristic of the insect CS, are speculated to be involved in chitin translocation and are expected to shed light on the mode of action of acylurea insecticides. (C) 2001 Society of Chemical Industry.