Escape strategy and vocalization during escape by American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus)
Escape strategy and vocalization during escape by American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus)
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美国牛蛙（Lithobates catesbeianus）逃跑时的逃跑策略和发声
DOI：
10.1163/017353711x559085
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. W. Cooper
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. W. Cooper
美国牛蛙，Lithobates catesbeianus，通过跳入水中和淹没来逃脱，通常在逃跑时发出声音。我研究了几个风险因素对逃跑和避难所使用的影响，以及逃跑青蛙的叫声与附近其他个体逃跑之间的联系。当沿着海岸或垂直于海岸的路径接近时，海岸上的青蛙同样可以接近。水里的青蛙更容易在靠近海岸和更快接近时逃跑。逃跑后被淹没的时间与逃跑时捕食者的接近程度无关。青蛙在远离入口点的沿着海岸游泳时，比直接在近海浮出水面时，在水下呆的时间更长。无论是离岸的距离，也不是欧几里得距离的入口点出现时，花费的时间淹没。牛蛙可能会利用水下移动的距离和方向以及淹没时间的不可预测性作为一种策略，以减少浮出水面时的风险。当一只焦点蛙在逃跑时发出声音时，附近的非焦点蛙立即逃跑比焦点蛙（1）没有发出声音逃跑和（2）既不逃跑也不发出声音时更频繁。这些发现与警报一致，或者由于捕食者的攻击短暂延迟而对逃跑的个体有利。它们与其他几个在转义过程中调用的可能函数不一致。需要进行实验来明确测试逃跑时的叫声是警报信号的假设。
American bullfrogs, Lithobates catesbeianus , escape by jumping into water and submerging, often vocalizing as they flee. I studied effects of several risk factors on escape and refuge use and the association between vocalization by fleeing frogs and escape by other individuals nearby. Frogs on shore permitted equally close approach when approached along the shore or on a path perpendicular to shore. Frogs in water were more likely to flee when closer to shore and when approached more rapidly. Time spent submerged after fleeing was uncorrelated with proximity of the predator upon escape. Frogs spent longer submerged when they swam along shore away from the point of entry than when they surfaced directly offshore. Neither distance offshore nor Euclidean distance from the entry point upon emergence was related to time spent submerged. Bullfrogs may use unpredictability of distance and direction moved underwater and of duration of submergence as a strategy that reduce risk upon surfacing. When a focal frog vocalized as it fled, immediate escape by nearby nonfocal frogs was more frequent than when focal frogs (1) escaped without vocalization and (2) neither escaped nor vocalized. These findings are consistent with either alarm calling or benefit to the fleeing individual due to brief delay of attack by a predator. They are inconsistent with several other possible functions of calling during escape. Experimentation is needed to definitively test the hypothesis that calls during escape are alarm signals.