Gender-specific out-migration, deforestation and urbanization in the Ecuadorian Amazon
Gender-specific out-migration, deforestation and urbanization in the Ecuadorian Amazon
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DOI：
10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.10.005
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发表时间：
2005-07-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Carr, DL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barbieri, AF;Carr, DL
厄瓜多尔亚马逊是世界上生物多样性最丰富的地区之一，但却面临着亚马逊国家中森林砍伐率最高的国家之一。大部分森林消失是由于1967年发现油田后的农业殖民化造成的。自1990年代以来，城市化进程的不断加快也在亚马孙地区产生了新的人口流动模式，沿着的还有农村定居者谋生的传统方式。然而，尽管亚马孙地区的人口流动对森林砍伐、城市化和区域发展产生了重大影响，但几乎没有人对亚马孙地区的人口流动以及男女之间不同的移徙模式进行过研究。本文采用纵向数据集的250个农户在厄瓜多尔亚马逊北方了解男女移民到城市和农村目的地之间的差异，男性和女性之间的非移民。首先，我们使用风险分析的Kaplan-Meier（KM）估计的基础上获得的累积概率，一个人生活在研究区域在1990年或在时间t，将在1999年之前的某个时间，t+n迁移。结果表明，向亚马逊其他农村地区，特别是原始地区的外移远远大于向不断增长但仍处于初期阶段的亚马逊城市地区的外移。此外，男子比妇女更有可能向外移徙到农村地区，而城市地区则相反。采用了收入差异检验法，以审查造成男女向外移徙到城市和农村地区之间差异的潜在因素。在主要结果中，与男子相比，年轻妇女更有可能向外移徙到城市地区;从农场到城镇和道路的交通更加困难，限制了妇女的移徙;获得亚马逊地区的新土地-这是进一步砍伐森林的一个重要原因-与男子向外移徙的关系更大。经济因素，如从事农业工作，日益增加的资源稀缺性，衡量在农场的人口密度较高，减少在森林和农作物的农田，牧场的增加与男性外移到农村地区。另一方面，资源日益稀缺、人口密度增加和移徙网络薄弱，与女性向外移徙到城市地区的关系更为密切。这样就形成了一个“恶性循环”：对土地的压力导致大多数或所有农场林区的森林砍伐，并减少了进一步扩大农业的可能性（砍伐森林）;向外迁移，特别是男性向外迁移，发生在亚马逊的其他农村或森林地区（妇女更有可能选择城市目的地）;而且，由于新定居地区的人口持续增长和压力，新的压力促使人们进一步向外移民到农村目的地，森林砍伐有增无减。(c)2004 Elsevier B. V.保留所有权利。
The Ecuadorian Amazon, one of the richest reserves of biodiversity in the world, has faced one of the highest rates of deforestation of any Amazonian nation. Most of this forest elimination has been caused by agricultural colonization that followed the discovery of oil fields in 1967. Since the 1990s, an increasing process of urbanization has also engendered new patterns of population mobility within the Amazon, along with traditional ways by which rural settlers make their living. However, while very significant in its effects on deforestation, urbanization and regional development, population mobility within the Amazon has hardly been studied at all, as well as the distinct migration patterns between men and women. This paper uses a longitudinal dataset of 250 farm households in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon to understand differentials between men and women migrants to urban and rural destinations and between men and women non-migrants. First, we use hazard analysis based on the Kaplan-Meier (KM) estimator to obtain the cumulative probability that an individual living in the study area in 1990 or at time t, will out-migrated at some time, t+n, before 1999. Results indicate that out-migration to other rural areas in the Amazon, especially pristine areas is considerably greater than out-migration to the growing, but still incipient, Amazonian urban areas. Furthermore, men are more likely to out-migrate to rural areas than women, while the reverse occurs for urban areas. Difference-of-means tests were employed to examine potential factors accounting for differentials between male and female out-migration to urban and rural areas. Among the key results, relative to men younger women are more likely to out-migrate to urban areas; more difficult access from farms to towns and roads constrains women's migration; and access to new lands in the Amazon-an important cause of further deforestation-is more associated with male out-migration. Economic factors such as engagement in on-farm work, increasing resource scarcity-measured by higher population density at the farm and reduction in farm land on forest and crops-and increase in pasture land are more associated with male out-migration to rural areas. On the other hand, increasing resource scarcity, higher population density and weaker migration networks are more associated with female out-migration to urban areas. Thus, a "vicious cycle" is created: Pressure over land leads to deforestation in most or all farm forest areas and reduces the possibilities for further agricultural extensification (deforestation); out-migration, especially male out-migration, occurs to other rural or forest areas in the Amazon (with women being more likely to choose urban destinations); and, giving continuing population growth and pressures in the new settled areas, new pressures promote further out-migration to rural destinations and unabated deforestation. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.