Nutrient fluxes from domestic wastewater: A national-scale historical perspective for the UK 1800-2010.

Nutrient fluxes from domestic wastewater: A national-scale historical perspective for the UK 1800-2010.
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生活废水中的营养通量:英国 1800-2010 年全国范围的历史视角。

DOI:
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.037
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发表时间:
2016
期刊:
The Science of the total environment
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Naden P
Naden P
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Naden P

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根据联合王国人口普查报告的人口数据,对联合王国1800-2010年期间人类排泄物和家庭污水排放中的营养物质排放量进行了量化。最重要的变化驱动因素是抽水马桶(冲水马桶)的引入,以及人口增长、城市化、下水道连接、污水处理的改善以及在洗涤剂中使用磷。1800年,英国人口约为1200万,估计人类排泄物的排放量为3.7万吨氮、6.2万吨磷和20.5万吨有机碳/年。这将被回收到陆地上,很少或根本没有污水直接进入河流或沿海水域。到1900年,人口已增加到3 560万,人类排泄物排放了约145千万吨氮,但由于只有主要城市地区与下水道相连,只有约19千万吨氮以污水的形式排放。由于在洗涤剂中使用磷,估计磷的排放量在1980年代达到峰值,约为每年63.5千吨磷,而污水排放约为每年28千吨磷。到2010年,人口已增加到6300万,估计排放量为263千万吨氮、43.6千万吨磷和1460千万吨有机碳/年,估计流出通量为104千万吨氮、14.8千万吨磷和63千万吨有机碳。尽管废水处理有所改善,但目前污水中养分通量的水平大大高于20世纪初的水平。
Nutrient emissions in human waste and wastewater effluent fluxes from domestic sources are quantified for the UK over the period 1800–2010 based on population data from UK Census returns. The most important drivers of change have been the introduction of the water closet (flush toilet) along with population growth, urbanization, connection to sewer, improvements in wastewater treatment and use of phosphorus in detergents. In 1800, the population of the UK was about 12 million and estimated emissions in human waste were 37 kt N, 6.2 kt P and 205 kt organic C/year. This would have been recycled to land with little or no sewage going directly to rivers or coastal waters. By 1900, population had increased to 35.6 million and some 145 kt N were emitted in human waste but, with only the major urban areas connected to sewers, only about 19 kt N were discharged in sewage effluent. With the use of phosphorus in detergents, estimated phosphorus emissions peaked at around 63.5 kt P/year in the 1980s, with about 28 kt P/year being discharged in sewage effluent. By 2010, population had increased to 63 million with estimated emissions of 263 kt N, 43.6 kt P and 1460 kt organic C/year, and an estimated effluent flux of 104 kt N, 14.8 kt P and 63 kt organic C. Despite improvements in wastewater treatment, current levels of nutrient fluxes in sewage effluent are substantially higher than those in the early 20th century.
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