Reproductive behavior of landless agricultural workers, small farmers, and the economic elite in the historical Krummhörn region [East Frisia, Germany, 1720-1870]
Reproductive behavior of landless agricultural workers, small farmers, and the economic elite in the historical Krummhörn region [East Frisia, Germany, 1720-1870]
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历史上克鲁姆霍恩地区无地农业工人、小农和经济精英的生殖行为[德国东弗里西亚，1720-1870 年]
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发表时间：
2013
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通讯作者：
Charlotte Störmer
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作者：
K. Willführ;Charlotte Störmer
德国西北部的克鲁姆霍恩地区[1720-1850年]的历史人口可以被描述为一个非工业化的、前资本主义的农业社会。大约70%的家庭要么没有土地，要么拥有的农场太小，无法保证生存，因此在经济上层阶级家庭拥有的大农场工作。经济精英约占人口的15%，但他们拥有80%的农田。其余15%的人口不属于精英阶层，但拥有足够养活家人的庄园，因此在经济上独立。在研究期间，没有饥荒或战争，死亡率，特别是婴儿死亡率，与德国其他地区相比非常低。此外，人口并非天生肥沃。由于完整的家庭平均只有四到五个孩子，人口几乎没有增长。在本文中，我们调查这些家庭的生育行为是如何受到他们的社会地位和短期波动的社会经济条件。Poisson和考克斯回归模型用于分析首次生育年龄、生育率、后代性别比、性别特异性婴儿存活率和子女数量。此外，我们还调查了农作物价格的波动如何影响特定季节的婴儿死亡率和生育率。我们还包括有关季节性气候的信息，可能会对作物价格以及通过其他途径对婴儿死亡率产生影响。总之，我们发现生育成功率（出生的孩子数量和存活到成年的孩子数量）与社会地位相关。来自高等级家庭的人有更多的生育和更多的存活儿童。我们还发现，特定的社会阶层的约束是重要的因素：出生职级和性别特定的生殖价值观影响婴儿死亡率和女性初婚年龄在不同的社会阶层不同。作物价格高与秋冬季节婴儿死亡率上升有关，这可能反映了无地者的紧张局势。与此同时，温暖或炎热的天气与夏季儿童死亡率的增加有关，这可能是因为感染疟疾的风险增加，疟疾是当时Krummhorn地区的一种常见疾病。
The historical population of the Krummhorn region [1720-1850] in the northwest of Germany can be characterized as a non-industrialized, pre-capitalist agricultural society. Around 70 percent of the families had either no land or owned farms too small to ensure subsistence, and therefore worked on the big farms owned by the families of the economic upper class. The economic elite made up around 15 percent of the population, but they owned 80 percent of the farm land. The remaining 15 percent of the population did not belong to the elite, but owned estates that were big enough to support their families, and were therefore economically independent. During the study period there were no famines or wars, and mortality, especially of infants, was very low compared to mortality in other German regions. Furthermore, the population was not naturally fertile. As there were on average only four to five births in complete families, the population was barely growing. In this paper, we investigate how the reproductive behavior of these families was affected by their social status and by short-term fluctuations in their socioeconomic conditions. Poisson and Cox regression models are used to analyze the age at first reproduction, fertility, the sex ratio of the offspring, sex-specific infant survival rates, and the number of children. In addition, we investigate how fluctuations in crop prices affected seasonal-specific infant mortality and fertility. We also include information about the seasonal climate that may had an effect on crop prices as well as on infant mortality via other pathways. In sum, we find that reproductive success (the number of children born and the number of children surviving to adulthood) was correlated with social rank. Individuals from high-ranking families had more births and a higher number of surviving children. We also find that social strata-specific constraints were important factors: birth rank and sex-specific reproductive values affected both infant mortality and the female age at first marriage differently in the different social strata. High crop prices were associated with a rise in infant mortality in the autumn and the winter, which may have been a reflection of a tense situation among the landless. Meanwhile, warm or hot weather was associated with an increase in child mortality in the summer, possibly because of the increased risk of infection with malaria, a common disease in the Krummhorn region at that time.