Mammalian lipids: structure, synthesis and function.
Mammalian lipids: structure, synthesis and function.
复制标题
哺乳动物脂质：结构、合成与功能。
DOI：
10.1042/ebc20200067
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发表时间：
2021-11-02
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
Cockcroft S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cockcroft S
脂类是细胞膜的基本成分。随着人们发现脂类在细胞信号和生物活性代谢物的生成中的作用，曾经只被视为结构成分的脂类已经占据了中心舞台。脂质调节细胞的许多生理功能，膜脂代谢的改变与癌症、II型糖尿病、心血管疾病和免疫紊乱等重大疾病有关。了解脂质的多样性及其合成和代谢以产生信号分子将有助于深入了解细胞的基本功能。本文综述了哺乳动物细胞脂类的生物合成：磷脂、鞘脂和胆固醇，以及脂类多样性是如何实现的。脂肪酸(FAs)是脂类的主要组成部分，对脂肪的多样性有贡献。脂类合成与它们在细胞内的运输密切相关；运输脂类的蛋白质、脂类运输蛋白的作用将被描述。细胞内的脂质被磷脂酶、脂激酶酶和磷酸酶代谢，形成新的生物活性代谢物。这些短暂的生物活性代谢物允许细胞对外部环境做出反应，以维持细胞健康。个别代谢物的功能也得到了强调。生物活性代谢物可以是第二信使，也可以释放到外部介质中调节其他细胞。或者，生物活性脂类也提供了一个平台，利用它们的脂类结合域将蛋白质可逆地募集到膜上。在广泛的生理过程中，已经确定了特定的脂类参与，这解释了哺乳动物细胞中存在脂类多样性的必要性。
Lipids are essential constituents of cellular membranes. Once regarded merely as structural components, lipids have taken centre stage with the discovery of their roles in cell signalling and in the generation of bioactive metabolites. Lipids regulate many physiological functions of cells and alterations in membrane lipid metabolism are associated with major diseases including cancer, Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and immune disorders. Understanding lipid diversity, their synthesis and metabolism to generate signalling molecules will provide insight into the fundamental function of the cell. This review summarises the biosynthesis of the lipids of the mammalian cell; phospholipids, sphingolipids and cholesterol and how lipid diversity is achieved. The fatty acids (FAs) are the main building blocks of lipids and contribute to the diversity. Lipid synthesis is intimately connected to their transport within cells; the contribution by proteins that transport lipids, lipid transport proteins will be described. Cellular lipids are metabolised by phospholipases, lipid kinases and phosphatases to make new bioactive metabolites. These transient bioactive metabolites allow cells to respond to the external environment to maintain cellular health. The function of individual metabolites is also highlighted. Bioactive metabolites can be second messengers, or released to the external medium to regulate other cells. Alternatively, bioactive lipids also provide a platform for reversible recruitment of proteins to membranes using their lipid-binding domains. The wide range of physiological processes in which a specific involvement of lipids has been identified explains the need for lipid diversity present in mammalian cells.