Wing kinematic and aerodynamic compensations for unilateral wing damage in a small phorid fly
Wing kinematic and aerodynamic compensations for unilateral wing damage in a small phorid fly
复制标题
DOI：
10.1103/physreve.101.012412
复制
发表时间：
2020-01-24
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Sun, Mao
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lyu, Yu Zhu;Zhu, Hao Jie;Sun, Mao
要调查的方式，非常小的昆虫补偿单方面的翅膀损伤，我们测量了一个非常小的昆虫，蚤蝇（Megaselia scalaris），在左翼和正常的对应部分的外部的16.7%的翅膀面积损失的翅膀运动学，我们计算的气动力和动力支出的蚤蝇。我们的主要发现如下。蚤蝇通过增加受损翅的冲程幅度和偏离角（大的偏离角使翅形成深U形的翅径）来补偿单侧翅损伤，而不像以前研究的中大型昆虫主要通过增加受损翅的冲程幅度来补偿单侧翅损伤。增加的冲程幅度和深U形的机翼路径使受损机翼在其扑动运动期间具有更大的机翼速度，并且在上升冲程开始时具有快速的向下加速度，这使得受损机翼能够产生用于重量支撑的所需垂直力。然而，受损机翼的较大翼速也会产生较大的水平力和侧向力，从而增加受损机翼的合成气动力。由于较大的气动力和较小的机翼面积，受损机翼的翼载荷比正常的苍蝇机翼大25%，这可能会大大缩短受损机翼的寿命。此外，由于受损翼的角速度和产生的气动力矩比完好翼大得多，因此受损翼消耗的气动功率比完好翼大38%，即，受损和完好机翼之间的能量分布是高度不对称的;这可能大大增加受损一侧的肌肉消耗。
To investigate the way in which very small insects compensate for unilateral wing damage, we measured the wing kinematics of a very small insect, a phorid fly (Megaselia scalaris), with 16.7% wing area loss in the outer part of the left wing and a normal counterpart, and we computed the aerodynamic forces and power expenditures of the phorid flies. Our major findings are the following. The phorid fly compensates for unilateral wing damage by increasing the stroke amplitude and the deviation angle of the damaged wing (the large deviation angle gives the wing a deep U-shaped wing path), unlike the medium and large insects studied previously, which compensate for the unilateral wing damage mainly by increasing the stroke amplitude of the damaged wing. The increased stroke amplitude and the deep U-shaped wing path give the damaged wing a larger wing velocity during its flapping motion and a rapid downward acceleration in the beginning of the upstroke, which enable the damaged wing to generate the required vertical force for weight support. However, the larger wing velocity of the damaged wing also generates larger horizontal and side forces, increasing the resultant aerodynamic force of the damaged wing. Due to the larger aerodynamic force and the smaller wing area, the wing loading of the damaged wing is 25% larger than that of the wings of the normal phorid fly; this may greatly shorten the life of the damaged wing. Furthermore, because the damaged wing has much larger angular velocity and produces larger aerodynamic moment compared with the intact wing of the damaged phorid fly, the aerodynamic power consumed by the damaged wing is 38% larger than that by the intact wing, i.e., the energy distribution between the damaged and intact wings is highly asymmetrical; this may greatly increase the muscle wastage of the damaged side.