Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults
Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults
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DOI：
10.1001/archpedi.160.4.348
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发表时间：
2006-04-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Huesmann, LR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bushman, BJ;Huesmann, LR
目标：测试关于媒体暴力和攻击行为的累积研究结果是否与解释其影响的理论一致。我们测试了攻击行为是否存在短期和长期影响。我们还测试了理论驱动的假设，即对成人的短期影响应该更大，对儿童的长期影响应该更大。设计：荟萃分析。参与者：18岁以下的儿童和成人。主要暴露：暴力媒体，包括电视、电影、视频游戏、音乐和漫画书。主要结果测量：攻击行为、攻击性思想、愤怒情绪、生理唤醒（例如心率、血压）和帮助的测量行为。结果：使用荟萃分析程序组合效应大小估计。正如预期的那样，暴力媒体对成人的短期影响大于儿童，而对儿童的长期影响则大于成人。结果还表明，接触媒体暴力对攻击性行为、攻击性思想、愤怒情绪、唤醒水平和帮助行为总体上有适度但显着的影响。结论：结果与以下理论一致：短期影响主要是由于现有良好编码的脚本、图式或信念的启动，而成年人有更多的时间来编码这些脚本、图式或信念。相反，长期影响需要学习（编码）脚本、图式或信念。与成人相比，儿童可以通过观察学习来编码新的脚本、图式和信念，而所需的干扰和努力更少。
Objectives: To test whether the results of the accumulated studies on media violence and aggressive behavior are consistent with the theories that have evolved to explain the effects. We tested for the existence of both short-term and long-term effects for aggressive behavior. We also tested the theory-driven hypothesis that short-term effects should be greater for adults and long-term effects should be greater for children.Design: Meta-analysis.Participants: Children younger than 18 years and adults.Main Exposures: Violent media, including TV, movies, video games, music, and comic books.Main Outcome Measures: Measures of aggressive behavior, aggressive thoughts, angry feelings, physiological arousal (eg, heart rate, blood pressure), and helping behavior.Results: Effect size estimates were combined using meta-analytic procedures. As expected, the short-term effects of violent media were greater for adults than for children whereas the long-term effects were greater for children than for adults. The results also showed that there were overall modest but significant effect sizes for exposure to media violence on aggressive behaviors, aggressive thoughts, angry feelings, arousal levels, and helping behavior.Conclusions: The results are consistent with the theory that short- term effects are mostly due to the priming of existing well-encoded scripts, schemas, or beliefs, which adults have had more time to encode. In contrast, long-term effects require the learning (encoding) of scripts, schemas, or beliefs. Children can encode new scripts, schemas, and beliefs via observational learning with less interference and effort than adults.