iPhone 4s photoplethysmography: which light color yields the most accurate heart rate and normalized pulse volume using the iPhysioMeter Application in the presence of motion artifact?
iPhone 4s photoplethysmography: which light color yields the most accurate heart rate and normalized pulse volume using the iPhysioMeter Application in the presence of motion artifact?
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0091205
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Yamakoshi T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Matsumura K;Rolfe P;Lee J;Yamakoshi T
随着信息通信技术的进步，作为重要的生理指标的心率（HR）和标准化脉搏量（NPV）的测量，仅使用智能手机就成为可能。这已经通过反射模式光电体积描记术（PPG）实现，通过使用智能手机的嵌入式闪光灯作为光源并且相机作为光传感器。尽管PPG的方法被广泛使用，但其易受运动伪影的影响，因为物理位移影响光子传播现象，从而影响有效光程长度。此外，已知用于PPG的光的波长影响光子穿透深度，并且因此我们假设运动伪影的影响可以是波长相关的。为了验证这一假设，我们对12名健康志愿者进行了HR和NPV的测量，这些测量来源于用智能手机在同一物理位置在三个不同光谱区域（红色、绿色和蓝色）同时记录的反射模式体积描记图。然后，我们评估了运动伪影影响下的HR和NPV测量的准确性。分析显示，HR在所有三种波长下的准确度都很高（所有rs > 0.996，固定偏差：-0.12至0.10次/分钟，比例偏差：r =-0.29至0.03），但NPV在绿色光下的准确度最高（r = 0.791，固定偏差：-0.01任意单位，比例偏差：r = 0.11）。 而且，用绿色和蓝色光PPG获得的信噪比高于红光PPG。这些发现表明，绿色是在运动伪影条件下从反射模式光电体积描记图测量HR和NPV的最合适的颜色。我们的结论是，使用绿色光PPG在动态监测中可能特别有益，其中运动伪影是一个重要问题。
Recent progress in information and communication technologies has made it possible to measure heart rate (HR) and normalized pulse volume (NPV), which are important physiological indices, using only a smartphone. This has been achieved with reflection mode photoplethysmography (PPG), by using a smartphone’s embedded flash as a light source and the camera as a light sensor. Despite its widespread use, the method of PPG is susceptible to motion artifacts as physical displacements influence photon propagation phenomena and, thereby, the effective optical path length. Further, it is known that the wavelength of light used for PPG influences the photon penetration depth and we therefore hypothesized that influences of motion artifact could be wavelength-dependant. To test this hypothesis, we made measurements in 12 healthy volunteers of HR and NPV derived from reflection mode plethysmograms recorded simultaneously at three different spectral regions (red, green and blue) at the same physical location with a smartphone. We then assessed the accuracy of the HR and NPV measurements under the influence of motion artifacts. The analyses revealed that the accuracy of HR was acceptably high with all three wavelengths (all rs > 0.996, fixed biases: −0.12 to 0.10 beats per minute, proportional biases: r = −0.29 to 0.03), but that of NPV was the best with green light (r = 0.791, fixed biases: −0.01 arbitrary units, proportional bias: r = 0.11). Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio obtained with green and blue light PPG was higher than that of red light PPG. These findings suggest that green is the most suitable color for measuring HR and NPV from the reflection mode photoplethysmogram under motion artifact conditions. We conclude that the use of green light PPG could be of particular benefit in ambulatory monitoring where motion artifacts are a significant issue.
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影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Maeda, Yuka;Sekine, Masaki;Tamura, Toshiyo
通讯作者：
Tamura, Toshiyo
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
Matsumura, Kenta;Yamakoshi, Takehiro;Matsuoka, Yutaka
通讯作者：
Matsuoka, Yutaka
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
Matsumura K;Yamakoshi T;Yamakoshi Y;Rolfe P
通讯作者：
Rolfe P
DOI：
10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01807.x
发表时间：
1997-02-01
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Ludbrook, J
通讯作者：
Ludbrook, J
影响因子：
--
作者：
Futran, ND;Stack, BC;Scharf, JE
通讯作者：
Scharf, JE