Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?
Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?
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DOI：
10.1017/s0029665116000318
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发表时间：
2016-11-01
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
Thompson, Dylan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Betts, James A.;Chowdhury, Enhad A.;Thompson, Dylan
巴斯早餐项目是一系列随机对照试验，探索延长早晨禁食对能量平衡和健康的影响。这些试验并不是为了回答早餐是否是一天中最重要的一餐。然而，这篇综述将阐述这个问题的意义，以及我们应该问什么问题来更好地了解早餐的影响，然后总结能量平衡和健康的各个组成部分如何对早餐做出反应。目前的证据并不支持定期食用或不吃早餐对体重/组成，代谢率或饮食诱导的产热的明确影响。关于能量摄入的结果是可变的，尽管证据的平衡表明在一天的晚些时候有一定程度的代偿性喂养，使得当饮食中省略早餐时，总体能量摄入量不受影响或略低。然而，即使净能量摄入减少，由于身体活动产热的补偿性调整，延长早晨禁食可能不会导致预期的体重减轻。具体来说，我们报告说，无论是瘦的和肥胖的成年人消耗更少的能量在早上保持在空腹状态时比消耗规定的早餐。需要进一步的研究来检查特定的健康标志物是否可能对早餐引起的能量平衡的各个组成部分的反应做出反应，而不管它们对能量平衡的净效应以及因此对体重的影响。
The Bath Breakfast Project is a series of randomised controlled trials exploring the effects of extended morning fasting on energy balance and health. These trials were categorically not designed to answer whether or not breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, this review will philosophise about the meaning of that question and about what questions we should be asking to better understand the effects of breakfast, before summarising how individual components of energy balance and health respond to breakfast v. fasting in lean and obese adults. Current evidence does not support a clear effect of regularly consuming or skipping breakfast on body mass/composition, metabolic rate or diet-induced thermogenesis. Findings regarding energy intake are variable, although the balance of evidence indicates some degree of compensatory feeding later in the day such that overall energy intake is either unaffected or slightly lower when breakfast is omitted from the diet. However, even if net energy intake is reduced, extended morning fasting may not result in expected weight loss due to compensatory adjustments in physical activity thermogenesis. Specifically, we report that both lean and obese adults expended less energy during the morning when remaining in the fasted state than when consuming a prescribed breakfast. Further research is required to examine whether particular health markers may be responsive to breakfast-induced responses of individual components of energy balance irrespective of their net effect on energy balance and therefore body mass.