Global emergence of Alphaviruses that cause arthritis in humans
Global emergence of Alphaviruses that cause arthritis in humans
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DOI：
10.3402/iee.v5.29853
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Evander, Magnus
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Olivia, Lwande Wesula;Obanda, Vincent;Evander, Magnus
节肢动物传播的病毒(虫媒病毒)可引起严重的新发和再次出现的传染病，对当今世界的人和动物的健康构成重大威胁。这些传染病包括轻微的发烧、关节炎、脑炎和出血热。据推测，某些环境因素、媒介能力和寄主易感性对虫媒病毒病的生态有重大影响。目前，甲型病毒的出现引起了人们的极大兴趣，因为这些病毒，包括基孔肯雅病毒、欧尼翁病毒、辛比斯病毒、罗斯河病毒和马亚罗病毒，已经在非洲、亚洲、澳大利亚、欧洲和美洲引起了疫情。其中一些病毒在热带地区更为常见，而另一些病毒也在温带地区发现，但推动甲型病毒出现和重新出现的实际因素仍未解决。此外，对流行病毒株的传播动力学、病理生理学、遗传多样性和进化知之甚少。此外，甲型病毒的临床表现可能类似于其他疾病，如登革热、疟疾和伤寒，因此导致误诊。然而，关节炎的典型存在可能会区分甲型病毒和其他鉴别诊断。缺乏经过验证的甲型病毒诊断试剂盒，甚至使常规监测变得不太可行。为此，本文综述了甲型病毒在人类关节炎中的发生、遗传多样性、临床特征和发病机制。这一信息可作为在暴发期间更好地了解和检测甲型病毒引起的疾病以及制定适当的预防和控制措施的基础。
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) may cause severe emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, which pose a significant threat to human and animal health in the world today. These infectious diseases range from mild febrile illnesses, arthritis, and encephalitis to haemorrhagic fevers. It is postulated that certain environmental factors, vector competence, and host susceptibility have a major impact on the ecology of arboviral diseases. Presently, there is a great interest in the emergence of Alphaviruses because these viruses, including Chikungunya virus, O'nyong'nyong virus, Sindbis virus, Ross River virus, and Mayaro virus, have caused outbreaks in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and America. Some of these viruses are more common in the tropics, whereas others are also found in temperate regions, but the actual factors driving Alphavirus emergence and re-emergence remain unresolved. Furthermore, little is known about the transmission dynamics, pathophysiology, genetic diversity, and evolution of circulating viral strains. In addition, the clinical presentation of Alphaviruses may be similar to other diseases such as dengue, malaria, and typhoid, hence leading to misdiagnosis. However, the typical presence of arthritis may distinguish between Alphaviruses and other differential diagnoses. The absence of validated diagnostic kits for Alphaviruses makes even routine surveillance less feasible. For that purpose, this review describes the occurrence, genetic diversity, clinical characteristics, and the mechanisms involving Alphaviruses causing arthritis in humans. This information may serve as a basis for better awareness and detection of Alphavirus-caused diseases during outbreaks and in establishing appropriate prevention and control measures.