Technology of Improvised Explosive Devices
Technology of Improvised Explosive Devices
复制标题
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
--
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Dr Carlo Kopp
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dr Carlo Kopp
从历史上看，简易爆炸装置并不是什么新鲜事。爆炸性诱杀装置，现在被称为受害者操作的简易爆炸装置，在第二次世界大战后期被广泛使用，通常由撤退的部队放置。在占领德国的早期，前党卫军和反对占领的准军事部队广泛使用的诱杀装置造成了盟军人员的重大损失，这些战术包括在道路上悬挂钢琴丝或钢缆以斩首敞篷吉普车、参谋车或摩托车上的人员。在南越，越共和北越军广泛使用简易爆炸装置，经常在轰炸袭击后使用未爆炸弹药。一项现有的统计数据表明，大约三分之一的美国在越南伤亡是由于使用了华沙条约组织提供的地雷和越军/北越军简易爆炸装置造成的。可以说，在冷战后的中东用户之前，简易爆炸装置最先进的用户是北爱尔兰的爱尔兰共和军，他们使用一系列设备，主要是远程启动来攻击阿尔斯特皇家警察和英国军队。对车辆使用路边或埋藏的炸弹（远程启动以及随后通过红外光束中断启动）是一种最喜欢的策略，并造成严重损失。不幸的历史现实是，爱尔兰共和军与英国之间的冲突导致了简易爆炸装置技术的重大演变，这种技术后来引发了全球动荡。在伊斯兰世界的冲突中，简易爆炸装置发挥了重要作用，在阿富汗，简易爆炸装置被用来对抗苏联，最近又被塔利班使用；在黎巴嫩，真主党使用简易爆炸装置；在伊拉克，基地组织、当地叛乱分子和民兵使用简易爆炸装置；在车臣，原教旨主义分离主义者也使用简易爆炸装置。简易爆炸装置已经取代了大多数其他武器，其影响在伤亡统计中占主导地位。简易爆炸装置的吸引力在于，它可以让对手受到攻击，通常是远程攻击，而不会让操作员暴露在现代步兵部队的卓越火力和战术技能之下。简易爆炸装置可分为几类，包括路边炸弹或埋藏炸弹、简易地雷、提供“不太智能炸弹”投送系统的“烈士”所穿的自杀式炸弹背心、由自杀式炸弹袭击者静态或驱动的车载汽车炸弹，以及各种定向或聚能射孔简易爆炸装置。原则上，任何非工业生产线产生的爆炸性武器均可归类为简易爆炸装置。 IED 炸药和结构 因此，IED 的配置和尺寸存在相当大的多样性，……
Historically, there is nothing new about IEDs. Explosive booby traps, now termed Victim-Operated IEDs, were used extensively in the latter part of World War II, usually put in place by retreating troops. In the early years of the occupation of Germany, booby traps used extensively by former SS and paramilitaries opposing the occupation caused significant Allied personnel losses resulting from tactics such as suspending piano wire or steel cable across a road to decapitate personnel in open jeeps, staff cars or on motorcycles. In South Vietnam, the VC and NVA used IEDs extensively, often making use of UXO (unexploded ordnance) after bombing raids. One available statistic credits around one third of US casualties in Vietnam to the use of Warsaw Pact supplied land mines and VC/NVA IEDs. Arguably, the most refined users of the IED prior to the post Cold War Middle Eastern users were the IRA in Northern Ireland who used a range of devices, primarily remotely initiated to attack Royal Ulster Constabulary and British forces. Roadside or buried bombs used against vehicles – remotely initiated and later initiated by the interruption of an infrared beam – were a favourite tactic and accounted for serious losses. The unfortunate historical reality is that the conflict between the IRA and Britain brought about significant evolution in IED technique, a tradecraft that has since contributed to turmoil globally. Conflict in the Islamic world is where the IED rose to major significance, used in Afghanistan against the Soviets and more recently by the Taliban, in Lebanon by the Hezbollah, in Iraq by Al Qaeda, local insurgents and militias, and in Chechnya by fundamentalist separatists. The IED has displaced most other weapons, and its effect dominates casualty statistics. The attraction of the IED is that it allows an opponent to be attacked, often remotely, not exposing the operator to the superior firepower and tactical skills of a modern infantry force. IEDs can be divided into several categories, including roadside or buried bombs, effectively improvised land mines, suicide bomber vests worn by 'martyrs' who provide a 'not so smart bomb' delivery system, vehicular car bombs, static or driven by a suicide bomber, and a variety of directional or shaped charge IEDs. In principle, any explosive weapon not originated from an industrial production line may be classified as an IED. ieD explosives anD construction There is considerable diversity therefore in the configuration and size of IEDs, …