How Competitive Should a Fair Single Member Districting Plan Be ?
How Competitive Should a Fair Single Member Districting Plan Be ?
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公平的单一会员选区计划应具有多大的竞争力？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Nagle
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文献类型：
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作者：
J. Nagle
当全州选票在两党之间平分时，党派不公平很容易被发现。但当选票不均时，就连确定哪一方落选也会产生争议。本文探讨了当全州选票分配不均时，两党单议员选区制度中理想的公平结果。研究表明，第一修正案（夏皮罗诉麦克马纳斯案和惠特福德诉尼科尔案）所暗示的平等选民赋权要求席位比例与全州选票比例成正比。然而，严格的比例性与单一议员选区制度相冲突，因此需要探索替代方法。广义政党效率低下和选民效率被定义并表明包含理想的公平席位投票功能的多种可能性。最佳选择从根本上取决于志同道合选民的地理异质性程度。根据历史选举结果，似乎美国单一选区制度的规范席位投票函数的良好近似应该具有大约是比例两倍的竞争力（又名响应性）。这与 Whitford v. Nichol 案中原告所采用的方法是一致的。这种方法也与夏皮罗诉麦克马纳斯案中原告的主张基本一致，尽管在本案中，通过检查对称性可以更好地揭露不公正划分选区。
Partisan unfairness is easily detected when the statewide vote is equally divided between two parties. But when the vote is not evenly divided, even the determination of which party is disfavored becomes controversial. This article examines the ideal fair outcome in a two party single member district system when the statewide vote is not equally divided. It is shown that equal voter empowerment, implied by readings of the First Amendment (Shapiro v. McManus and Whitford v. Nichol), requires that the fraction of seats be proportional to the fraction of the statewide vote. However, strict proportionality conflicts with the single member district system, so alternative approaches are explored. Generalized party inefficiency and voter effectiveness are defined and shown to encompass many possibilities for an ideal fair seats-votes function. The best choice is fundamentally determined by the degree of geographical heterogeneity of voters of like mind. Based upon historical election results, it appears that a good approximation to a normative seatsvotes function of the American system of single member districts should have competitiveness (aka responsiveness) roughly twice as large as proportionality. This is consistent with the method employed by the plaintiffs in Whitford v. Nichol. This method is also basically consistent with the claim of the plaintiffs in Shapiro v. McManus, although in this case gerrymandering is better exposed by examining symmetry.