The North Sea - A shelf sea in the Anthropocene
The North Sea - A shelf sea in the Anthropocene
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.03.012
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Zorita, Eduardo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Emeis, Kay-Christian;van Beusekom, Justus;Zorita, Eduardo
全球和区域变化显然影响到陆架海生态系统的结构和功能。然而，大陆架海内部复杂的相互作用阻碍了确定所观察到的变化并明确地将其归因于驱动因素。这些因素包括气候系统、海洋动力学、海洋地球化学和社会最广泛意义上的大陆架海洋资源开发的可变性。观测时间序列通常太短，分辨率、积分时间和模型的复杂性往往不足以从人为扰动中揭示自然变率。北海是北大西洋的一个大陆架海，几乎受到所有全球和区域事态发展的影响。自然变率（从年际到数十年时间尺度）是对北大西洋强迫的反应，但它被全球趋势（海平面、温度、酸化）和人类直接影响的交替阶段以及补救这些影响的努力所掩盖。人类的干预始于大约1000年前（筑堤和相关的湿地损失），在19世纪中期的工业革命中扩展到沿海地区（河流管理，河流中的废物处理），并在20世纪50年代中期大大加速（富营养化，污染，渔业）。北海现在是一个受到严格管制的陆架海，但社会目标（良好的环境状况与增加使用），利益需求和政策分歧越来越大。北海南部可能会被重新划分，因为沿岸国家将越来越多的海洋空间用于海上风能发电，这对系统的环境状况产生了不确定的后果。我们回顾现有的观测和模型数据（主要来自北海东南部地区），以确定和描述自然变化的影响，长期变化，人类对北海生态系统的影响，并概述了在未来几十年的发展，以应对环境立法，并在增加使用陆架海空间。(C)2014爱思唯尔有限公司版权所有。
Global and regional change clearly affects the structure and functioning of ecosystems in shelf seas. However, complex interactions within the shelf seas hinder the identification and unambiguous attribution of observed changes to drivers. These include variability in the climate system, in ocean dynamics, in biogeochemistry, and in shelf sea resource exploitation in the widest sense by societies. Observational time series are commonly too short, and resolution, integration time, and complexity of models are often insufficient to unravel natural variability from anthropogenic perturbation. The North Sea is a shelf sea of the North Atlantic and is impacted by virtually all global and regional developments. Natural variability (from interannual to multidecadal time scales) as response to forcing in the North Atlantic is overlain by global trends (sea level, temperature, acidification) and alternating phases of direct human impacts and attempts to remedy those. Human intervention started some 1000 years ago (diking and associated loss of wetlands), expanded to near-coastal parts in the industrial revolution of the mid-19th century (river management, waste disposal in rivers), and greatly accelerated in the mid-1950s (eutrophication, pollution, fisheries). The North Sea is now a heavily regulated shelf sea, yet societal goals (good environmental status versus increased uses), demands for benefits and policies diverge increasingly. Likely, the southern North Sea will be re-zoned as riparian countries dedicate increasing sea space for offshore wind energy generation with uncertain consequences for the system's environmental status. We review available observational and model data (predominantly from the southeastern North Sea region) to identify and describe effects of natural variability, of secular changes, and of human impacts on the North Sea ecosystem, and outline developments in the next decades in response to environmental legislation, and in response to increased use of shelf sea space. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.