The effects of lead exposure on urban children: the Institute of Child Health/Southampton Study.
The effects of lead exposure on urban children: the Institute of Child Health/Southampton Study.
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铅暴露对城市儿童的影响：儿童健康研究所/南安普顿研究。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1983
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Graham
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Smith;T. Delves;R. Lansdown;B. Clayton;P. Graham
在伦敦三个行政区的六至七岁儿童中进行了一项关于牙铅水平、行为、智力和各种其他心理技能之间关系的研究。牙齿铅含量是通过对儿童捐赠的脱落牙齿进行化学分析来估计的。2663名（62.4%）符合条件的儿童捐献了牙齿。对总人口进行了一项研究，以确定捐赠牙齿的人是否代表了总人口。有一些小的但一致的统计学上的显著差异- 403名儿童，根据他们的牙铅水平和社会阶层选择，进行了更深入的研究。他们被分为六个预先安排的组-高，中，低牙齿铅水平，每个铅组分为两个社会群体，手动和非手动。这些儿童的父母在家中接受了密集的访谈，了解父母对教育的兴趣和态度、家庭特征和关系、儿童的早期历史和儿童的物理环境。母亲的智力被测量。然后在学校里对孩子进行智力、教育程度和其他认知任务的测试。教师和家长完成了标准化的行为问卷。结果表明，智力和其他心理测量与社会因素，特别是社会分组密切相关。铅水平与家庭中的各种因素有关，特别是清洁程度，在较小程度上，母亲吸烟。铅水平和行为之间没有显着的联系，虽然由教师，但不是由家长，有小的和合理的一致的非显着的倾向，高铅儿童表现出更困难的行为。在控制社会因素之前，铅组之间在智力测量和其他两项心理测试方面存在显着差异，高铅组的孩子表现更差。一旦考虑到一些社会因素，三个铅水平组（高、中、低）之间的差异就变得很小，在统计学上不显著，尽管它们的方向仍然相同。（400字处截断摘要）
A study of the associations between level of tooth lead, behaviour, intelligence and a variety of other psychological skills was carried out in the child population aged six to seven years in three London boroughs. Tooth lead was estimated from the chemical analysis of shed teeth donated by children. 2663 (62.4 per cent) of the eligible children donated teeth. A study of the total population was carried out to see if those who donated teeth were representative of that population. There were small but consistent and statistically significant differences--tooth-givers being of slightly higher intelligence and showing fewer behaviour problems. 403 children, selected on the basis of their tooth-lead levels and social class, were studied more intensively. They were classified into six pre-arranged groups--high, medium and low tooth-lead levels, with each lead group divided into two social groups, manual and non-manual. The parents of these children were intensively interviewed in their homes regarding parental interest and attitudes to education, family characteristics and relationships, the early history of the child and the child's physical environment. The intelligence of the mother was measured. The child was then studied in school using tests of intelligence, educational attainment and other cognitive tasks. Teachers and parents completed standardised behaviour questionnaires. The results showed that intelligence and other psychological measures were strongly related to social factors, especially social grouping. Lead level was linked to a variety of factors in the home, especially the level of cleanliness, and to a lesser extent, maternal smoking. There was no significant link between lead level and behaviour, though when rated by teachers, but not by parents, there were small and reasonably consistent non-significant tendencies for high-lead children to show more difficult behaviour. Before social factors were controlled for, there were significant differences between the lead groups in measures of intelligence and two other psychological tests, the children in the high-lead groups performing worse. Once a number of social factors had been taken into account, the differences between the three lead groups (high, medium and low) became small and statistically nonsignificant, although they remained in the same direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)