Tracking multi-generational colonization of the breeding grounds by monarch butterflies in eastern North America
Tracking multi-generational colonization of the breeding grounds by monarch butterflies in eastern North America
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2013.1087
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发表时间：
2013-10-07
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Norris, D. Ryan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Flockhart, D. T. Tyler;Wassenaar, Leonard I.;Norris, D. Ryan
昆虫的迁徙可能涉及在大陆尺度上的多代繁殖，这给它们的保护和管理带来了巨大的挑战。利用由公民科学家的发生数据和稳定的碳和氢同位素测量产生的分布模型，我们跟踪了北美东部帝王蝶繁殖地（Danaus plexippus）的多代殖民。我们发现，黑脉金斑蝶的繁殖发生最好地与地理和气候变量相吻合，导致其年繁殖分布超过1200万公里(2)，发生概率为99%。结合发生模型和稳定同位素测量来估计出生来源，我们表明在墨西哥越冬的蝴蝶来自广泛的繁殖分布，包括范围的南部。从5月到8月，在繁殖蝴蝶开始改变方向并向南移动的连续几代君主中，有一个明显的向北前进的过程。夏末秋末在德克萨斯州繁殖的第五代个体往往来自北部繁殖区，而不是更南部的地区。虽然在繁殖季节中西部是最多产的地区，但重新定居中西部的黑脉金斑蝶大部分是在德克萨斯州生产的，这表明仅在中西部保护繁殖栖息地不足以确保北美东部黑脉金斑蝶种群的长期存在。
Insect migration may involve movements over multiple breeding generations at continental scales, resulting in formidable challenges to their conservation and management. Using distribution models generated from citizen scientist occurrence data and stable-carbon and -hydrogen isotope measurements, we tracked multi-generational colonization of the breeding grounds of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in eastern North America. We found that monarch breeding occurrence was best modelled with geographical and climatic variables resulting in an annual breeding distribution of greater than 12 million km(2) that encompassed 99% occurrence probability. Combining occurrence models with stable isotope measurements to estimate natal origin, we show that butterflies which overwintered in Mexico came from a wide breeding distribution, including southern portions of the range. There was a clear northward progression of monarchs over successive generations from May until August when reproductive butterflies began to change direction and moved south. Fifth-generation individuals breeding in Texas in the late summer/autumn tended to originate from northern breeding areas rather than regions further south. Although the Midwest was the most productive area during the breeding season, monarchs that re-colonized the Midwest were produced largely in Texas, suggesting that conserving breeding habitat in the Midwest alone is insufficient to ensure long-term persistence of the monarch butterfly population in eastern North America.