HOW ANIMALS RUN
HOW ANIMALS RUN
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DOI：
10.1038/scientificamerican0560-148
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发表时间：
1960-01-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
HILDEBRAND, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HILDEBRAND, M
速度是步幅乘以步幅率的乘积。在爬行动物中，与靠近身体的部分相比，腿的有效长度通过延长外部部分（脚，小腿，前臂）而增加。步幅的长度也可以通过改变肩膀、锁骨和臀部来增加，使它们旋转，并通过弯曲脊柱来增加身体的长度。因为肌肉收缩的速度是限制因素，所以只有同时在同一方向上移动尽可能多的关节才能增加速度。肌肉还必须支撑随着每一步福尔斯倒下的身体质量。为了增加肌肉质量，使四肢旋转或将四肢拉向或远离身体中线的肌肉适合在行进方向上移动腿部。脚骨非常小，由一个类似弹簧的韧带连接，韧带弯曲并弹回球节关节，从而给脚一个向上的推力。
Speed is the product of length of stride times the rate of stride. In cursorial animals, the effective length of the leg is enhanced by elongation of the outer segments (foot, shank, forearm) as compared to the segments close to the body. The length of the stride is increased also by modification of the shoulder, collarbone and hips so they pivot, and by flexing the spine so as to add several inches to the length of the body. Because the rate at which a muscle can contract is the limiting factor, speed can be increased only by moving as many joints as possible in the same direction at the same time. The muscles also must support the mass of the body which falls with each stride. In order to increase muscle mass, muscles which would rotate limbs or draw limbs towards or away from the body midline are adapted to move the legs in the direction of travel. The foot bones are much reduced and are connected by a spring-like ligament which bends and snaps back the fetlock joint, thus giving the foot an upward push.