DIVING BEHAVIOR OF THE SHAG PHALACROCORAX-ARISTOTELIS (AVES, PELECANIFORMES) IN RELATION TO WATER DEPTH AND PREY SIZE
DIVING BEHAVIOR OF THE SHAG PHALACROCORAX-ARISTOTELIS (AVES, PELECANIFORMES) IN RELATION TO WATER DEPTH AND PREY SIZE
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb05349.x
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发表时间：
1993-09-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
MORRIS, JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
WANLESS, S;CORFIELD, T;MORRIS, JA
利用无线电遥测技术，记录了3个繁殖期31只凤头长尾鱼的4000余次潜水和恢复时间。研究人员还收集了这些鸟潜水的水域深度和每年喂给幼鸟的小沙鳗（Ammodytes marinus）的大小。它们平均在30米深的水中觅食；平均潜水和恢复时间分别为62.0 +/- 1.92秒和84.4 +/- 5.02秒。这些时间比以前的研究记录的时间要长得多，也比从鸬鹚的潜水和恢复时间的异速关系中预测的时间要长。很大比例（约50%）的潜水似乎涉及无氧代谢。潜水和恢复时间与水深、一天中的时间和潜水顺序中的位置（潜水次数）有关。各年度潜水时间与水深呈正相关；1987年潜水次数也有负面影响。恢复时间和潜水时间之间的关系正加速，表明鸟类在较长的潜水时间内是无氧的。因此，随着潜水时间和水深的增加，水下潜水周期的百分比显著减少。平均垂直上升和下降速度计算在1.46-1.87米秒-1之间。1989年，当成鸟以小的、低能量值的沙子喂养幼鸟时，估计的猎物捕获率（平均6.8鱼潜水-1）明显高于前两年（平均1.4鱼潜水-1和1.9鱼潜水-1），当时鸟类以大的、高质量的鱼为食。我们计算出，在1989年，鸟类在任何给定深度的底部平均花费8-10秒（36-48%）的时间，这表明更高的猎物捕获率与潜水底部阶段持续时间的增加有关。
The durations of more than 4000 dives and recovery periods on the surface of 31 shags, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, were recorded using radio-telemetry, during three breeding seasons. Data were also collected on the depth of water where the birds were diving and the size of lesser sandeels, Ammodytes marinus, fed to young each year. On average, shags foraged in water 30 m deep; mean dive and recovery times were 62.0 +/- 1.92 sec and 84.4 +/- 5.02 sec, respectively. These times were much longer than those recorded in previous studies and also longer than those predicted from allometric relationships for dive and recovery times derived for cormorants. A large proportion (> 50%) of dives appeared to involve anaerobic metabolism.Dive and recovery times were examined in relation to water depth, time of day and position within the diving sequence (dive number). In each year, dive time was positively correlated with water depth; in 1987 dive number also had a negative effect. The relationship between recovery time and dive time was positively accelerated, suggesting that birds were diving anaerobically on longer dives. The percentage of the dive cycle spent underwater therefore decreased significantly as dive time and water depth increased. Average vertical rates of ascent and descent of shags were calculated to be between 1.46-1.87 m sec-1. Estimated prey capture rates were significantly higher in 1989 (average 6.8 fish dive-1) when adults were feeding their young on small, low energy value sandeels than the two previous years (averages 1.4 and 1.9 fish dive-1, respectively) when birds were feeding on larger, higher quality fish. We calculated that, on average, birds spent 8-10 sec (36-48%) longer on the bottom at any given depth in 1989, which suggested that the higher prey capture rates were associated with an increase in duration of the bottom phase of the dive.