‘Now we are Indígenas’: Hegemony and Indigeneity in the Bolivian Andes
‘Now we are Indígenas’: Hegemony and Indigeneity in the Bolivian Andes
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“现在我们是土著”：玻利维亚安第斯山脉的霸权与土著
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发表时间：
2014
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通讯作者：
Anders Burman
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作者：
Anders Burman
本文探讨了玻利维亚安第斯山脉中“土著”概念不断变化的语义学和符号学，并认为“土著”在不断变化的领土和社会斗争以及国家治理背景下被不同的行为者赋予了不同的含义。本文重点讨论安第斯土著组织“Consejo Nacional de Ayllus y Markas del Qullasuyu”的话语和政治，及其对埃沃·莫拉莱斯政府于2006年开始的国家建设进程对土著领土和资源造成的不断变化的压力的反应。文章指出，最近在玻利维亚低地土著组织和玻利维亚国家之间的冲突是更广泛的历史和政治进程中的一个决定性时刻，在这个时刻，玻利维亚安第斯山脉出现了两个不同的“土著”项目：一个是土著人的霸权国家项目，另一个是土著人的反霸权项目。文章表明，这不是玻利维亚历史上第一次出现自上而下以反霸计划回应霸权计划的情况。此外，本文认为，霸权计划实际上往往会为反霸权计划的出现以及新的政治愿景和主体性的形成创造必要的空间。
This article explores the ever-shifting semantics and semiotics of the concept ‘indígena’ in the Bolivian Andes and argues that ‘indigeneity’ is charged with different meanings by different actors in changing contexts of territorial and social struggles and state governance. The article focuses on the discourse and politics of the indigenous Andean organization ‘Consejo Nacional de Ayllus y Markas del Qullasuyu’ and its response to changing pressures on indigenous territories and resources caused by the nation-building process started in 2006 by the Evo Morales administration. The article identifies a recent conflict in the Bolivian lowlands between indigenous organizations and the Bolivian State as one decisive moment in a broader historical and political process, a moment when two divergent projects of ‘lo indígena’ emerged in the Bolivian Andes: one hegemonic state project of indigeneity and one counter-hegemonic project of indigeneity. The article shows that this was not the first time in Bolivian history that a hegemonic project from above was responded to from below with a counter-hegemonic project. Moreover, the article argues that hegemonic projects actually tend to create the spaces that are necessary for counter-hegemonic projects to emerge and for new political visions and subjectivities to take form.